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混血兒更具備成功的條件?

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Americans like answers in black and white, a cultural trait we confirmed last year when the biracial man running for President was routinely called "black".
美國人喜歡在黑色與白色之間尋找答案,這作爲一種文化特質,我們認爲,當去年那個混血兒男子參加總統競選的時候就被習慣性地稱爲“黑色”。

padding-bottom: 47.34%;">混血兒更具備成功的條件?

The flattening of Barack Obama's complex racial background shouldn't have been surprising. Many multiracial historical figures in the U.S. have been reduced (or have reduced themselves) to a single aspect of their racial identities: Booker T. Washington, Tina Turner, and Greg Louganis are three examples. This phenomenon isn't entirely pernicious; it is at least partly rooted in our concern that growing up with a fractured identity is hard on kids. The psychologist J.D. Teicher summarized this view in a 1968 paper: "Although the burden of the Negro child is recognized as a heavy one, that of the Negro-White child is seen to be even heavier."
奧巴馬複雜的扁平式的種族背景並不令人感到意外,許多多種族混合的歷史人物帶有種族特徵的某方面都有所減少,或自行消失了。如布克.華盛頓、蒂娜透娜和格雷格·洛加尼斯就是三個例子,這一現象並非完全有害,這至少在某種程度上根源於我們的關注:在支離破碎的認同感中成長的孩子是艱難的。心理學家泰闕在1968年的論文中對此觀點做出了總結:“雖然負擔黑人兒童被認爲是沉重的包袱,但撫養黑人與白人的混血兒卻被認爲是更加沉重的。”

But new research says this old, problematized view of multiracial identity is outdated. In fact, a new paper in the Journal of Social Issues shows that multiracial adolescents who identify proudly as multiracial fare as well as — and, in many cases, better than — kids who identify with a single group, even if that group is considered high-status (like, say, Asians or whites). This finding was surprising because psychologists have argued for years that mixed-race kids will be better adjusted if they pick a single race as their own.
最新研究表明這一年代久遠,充滿爭議的多種族認同觀已經過時,實際上,發表在《社會問題》期刊上的一篇新的研究表明,多種族混血的青年如果驕傲地認同自己的混血身份,再多種情況下都優於那些將自己鎖定在單一種族的青年,即使該種族地位顯赫(比如說,亞裔或者白色人種)該調查結果令人感到吃驚,因爲許多年來,心理學家都認爲混合種族的孩子們如果選擇一個種族作爲所屬,他們將有更好的適應能力。

The population of multiracial kids in the U.S. has soared from approximately 500,000 in 1970 to more than 6.8 million in 2000, according to Census data quoted in this pdf. In the early years, research on these kids highlighted their difficulties: the disapproval they faced from neighbors and members of their extended families; the sense that they weren't "full" members in any racial community; the insecurity and self-loathing that often resulted from feeling marginalized on all sides. That simple but harsh playground question — "What are you?" — torments many multiracial kids. Psychologists call this a "forced-choice dilemma" that compels children to claim some kind of identity — even if only a half-identity — in return for social acceptance.
在美國,人口普查數據顯示,混血兒童的數量從1970年的接近500000人激增至2000年的超過680萬人,在早些年,對這些孩子的研究聚焦在他們生活中的困難上:他們所面臨的,鄰居和擴張的家庭成員不喜歡他們;無論他們在哪個種族社會,他們都不是完全意義上的成員;以及因爲被各方邊緣化而滋生的不安全感和自我厭惡等等。那個簡單而又殘酷的問題:“你是什麼?”一直折磨着這些多種族混血兒,心理學家將之稱爲“被迫選擇的困境”,這迫使孩子們尋求某種形式上的認同--即使是僅僅有一半被認同,來換取社會對自己的認可。

But the new Journal of Social Issues paper suggests this dilemma has become less burdensome in the age of Tiger Woods and Barack Obama. The paper's authors, a team led by Kevin Binning of the Stanford Graduate School of Business and Miguel Unzueta of the UCLA Anderson School of Management, studied 182 multiracial high schoolers in Long Beach, Calif. Binning, Unzueta and their colleagues write that those kids who identified with multiple racial groups reported significantly less psychological stress than those who identified with a single group, whether a "low-status" group like African-Americans or a "high-status" group like whites. The multiracial identifiers were less alienated from peers than monoracial identifiers, and they were no more likely to report having engaged in problem behaviors, such as substance use or persistent school absence.
但是,新的一期《社會問題》雜誌認爲這一矛盾在泰格.伍茲和奧巴馬時代變得不那麼繁瑣,該論文的作者,斯坦福大學商學院凱文.賓寧和加州大學洛杉磯分校安德森管理學院的米格兒.安左塔所領導的設計小組,研究了在加州長灘的182名混合種族高中生,賓寧、安左塔和他們的同事研究發現,那些將自己認同爲混合種族的孩子們的心理壓力要明顯小於將自己歸爲某一種族的孩子,無論該種族是像非裔美國人這樣“低地位”的還是白種人這種“高地位”的。同時那些混合種族認同者也不像單一認同者那樣感到被歧視者疏遠。他們也不太可能會因參與有問題的行爲而被報道,如濫用藥物或者是長期逃學。

The writers theorize that multiracial kids who choose to associate with a single race are troubled by their attempts to "pass," whereas those who choose to give voice to their own uniqueness find pride in that act. "Rather than being 'caught' between two worlds," the authors write, "it might be that individuals who identify with multiple groups are better able to navigate both racially homogeneous and heterogeneous environments than individuals who primarily identify with one racial group." The multiracial kids are able to "place one foot in the majority and one in the minority group, and in this way might be buffered against the negative consequences of feeling tokenized."
作者認爲,那些選擇聯繫單一種族的混血兒將被他們選擇的“通行證”所困擾,而那些選擇表露其特殊性的孩子們則爲他們的行爲而感到驕傲。作者寫到:與其說是被兩個種族“束縛”,還不如說是被多種族認同的個體能夠更好在同質種族和異質種族的環境遊弋自如。那些混血兒能夠“一腳踩在多數派一邊,另一隻腳踩在少數派一邊”,並以這種方式緩衝感覺自己被“記號化”帶來的消極影響。

In short, multiracial kids seem to create their own definitions for fitting in, and they show more psychological flexibility than those mixed-race kids who feel bound to one choice or another.
總之,多種族混合的孩子們要創建屬於他們自己的定義,他們比那些感覺必須選擇一方或另一方作爲歸屬的混血兒們表現出更多的靈活性。

Fortunately, all these questions of racial identity are becoming less important, as we inch ever closer to the day when the U.S. has no racial majority. One of these days, after all, we will all be celebrating our multiracial pride.
幸運的是,所有的這些有關種族認同的問題變得越來越不重要,美國消除族歧視已經指日可待,終有一天,我們將舉杯歡慶我們多種族大融合的自豪。

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