2016高中英語語法句子
許多人在學習英語時都不注重語法的使用，但語法過於薄弱會使英語的基礎不紮實，因此小編爲大家整理了一些語法知識。下面是本站小編帶來的，歡迎閱讀！
語法句子
一、概述
句子(sentence)是由詞或詞組按照一定語法規則組成的，相對完整而獨立的語言單位，是一定的語法結構、語音結構和詞彙意義的統一體。句子開頭的第一個字母要大寫，句末有句號、問號或感嘆號。
Writing the headlines is more difficult in English than in Chinese.用英文寫標題比用中文寫標題要難些。
It will certainly be very funny! 這肯定是非常有趣!
Do you mind if I come along too and see how you get on? 要是我也來看看你怎麼樣，你不會介意吧?
二、句子的種類
1、按用途分
(1)陳述句
用以陳述事實或觀點的句子叫陳述句(declarative sentence)。
We must also make sure that signs are clear and easy to read.我們還應當確保各種指示標牌鮮明易懂。
I can't order these clothes, unless you can wait some time , or change this note. 如果你不能等些時候或者破開這張票子，我就不能訂做這批衣服。
(2)疑問句
用以提問題的句子叫疑問句(interrogative sentence)。
What needs to be done to make life easier for people with disabilities? 需要做些什麼才能使殘疾人的生活過得好些呢?
Have times been hard for you? 這些年近況不太好吧?
(3)祈使句
用以表示請求命令、請求、勸告、建議的句子叫等祈使句(imperative sentence)。祈使句的結構與陳述句一樣，主語常常省略。祈使句一般沒有時態的變化，也不與情態動詞連用。
Wait till you see what we'll make for you to your own measure. 您等着瞧我們給您定做出來的衣服是什麼樣子的。
(4)感嘆句
用以表示驚奇、憤怒、讚賞、喜悅等感情的句子叫感嘆句(exclamatory sentence)。
What a bad sight it was! 多麼悽慘的一幅景象啊!
How hard he is working now!他現在工作得多麼的努力呀!
2、按結構分
(1)簡單句
由一個主語部分和一個謂語部分所組成的句子叫簡單句(simple sentence)。
At first, the language stayed the same as the language used in Britain. 起初，這種語言同在英國使用的語言仍然相同。
(2)並列句
由兩個或兩個以上的簡單句組成的句子叫並列句(compound sentence)。
Your friend is coming to stay in your house for one week while you and your family are on holiday. 你的朋友要來你家住一個星期而你和你的家人卻要度假。
This afternoon I was just about to go swimming when luckily your guide saw me and shouted at me. 今天下午我正要下水去游泳，這時幸虧我們的嚮導看到了我，對我喊叫。
(3)複合句
由主句和其它從句組成的句子叫複合句(complex sentence)。
We must believe that each one of us is able to do something well and that when we discover what this something is, we must work hard at it until we succeed. 我們必須相信我們每一個人都能把某件事情辦好，而且當我們發現這件事情是什麼的時候我們必須努力幹下去，直到成功爲止。
(4)並列複合句
含有複合句的並列句叫並列複合句(compound complex sentence)。
This is because this professor has a disease which prevents him from speaking, so when he speaks he has to use a computer and a voice box.這是因爲這位教授得了一種病，使他不能講話了，因此他講話時，只得藉助計算機和音箱。
三、句子的成分
組成句子的各個部分叫句子成分(members of the sentence)。總的說來，句子皆由兩大部分組成，一是主語部分(subject group)，一是謂語部分(predicate group)。
Smokers cost the government a lot of money. 吸菸者花費政府大量的錢。
上句中的smokers是主語部分，cost the government a lot of money是謂語部分。但具體明確的句子成分可分爲主語、謂語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、補足語、獨立成分。
At all these centers it is hoped that one day they will have enough animals to set them free and let them live in the wild again. 在這些研究中心，人們希望有一天他們會有足夠多的動物可以放出去讓它們重新回到野外生活。
注意：詞類與句子成分的不同與關係：詞類指單詞的分類，句子成分則指詞類、短語、從句等在句子中的功能。詞類中也只有具有實義的詞類如名詞、代詞、動詞、數詞、形容詞、副詞等纔可用作句子的成分。其它無實義的虛詞如冠詞、連詞和介詞則不可用作句子成分。
1、主語
主語(subject)是一個句子的主題。
(1)主語的位置
①陳述句中，一般在一句之首。
They managed to rescue all the people in the flood. 他們設法把處於洪水之中的人營救出來。
②疑問句、倒裝句中，一般在助動詞、情態動詞和動詞之後。
Up went the arrow into the air. 嗖的一聲箭射上了天空。
Why do they move and burn more of the forest? 爲什麼他們要搬遷而且燒掉更多的森林呢?
Not only will help be given to people who are disabled to find jobs, but also medical treatment will be provided for people who need it.不僅要幫助殘疾人求職，而且要對那些需要治病的人給予治療。
③祈使句中，往往省略。
Take this money and buy yourself some more books.拿這些錢去給自己買些書。(省略了you)
④There be結構中，在be之後。
Around the area of Aswan there are a lot of important old temples , which date from about 1250 BC.在阿斯旺地區的周圍還有許多重要的古廟，它們是公元前1250年左右建起來的。
(2)主語的種類
①施動主語與受動主語
施動主語(agentive subject)表示句子的主語是謂語動詞動作的執行者。受動主語(recipient subject)表示主語是動作的承受者。
However, on his arrival in Paris he was recognized as a noble and thrown into prison. 然而，一到巴黎就立即被人認出是貴族，因而被投入監獄。(受動主語)
They broadcast a programme of his music last month on the radio. 上個月他們在收音機裏播放了他的音樂節目。(施動主語)
表感覺的動詞如taste、smell、feel等其主語可以是動作的執行者，也可以是動作的承受者。
They could smell tobacco smoke. 他們聞到了菸草氣味。(執行者)
A hibernating animal can not feel any pain. 冬眠的動物感覺不到任何疼痛。(執行者)
The body feels very cold. 身體摸上去感覺冰涼。(承受者)
When smokers who are used to nicotine go without it for an hour or two, they begin to feel bad.那些對尼古丁上了癮的菸民一兩個小時缺少居古丁就會感覺到難受。(執行者)
有些動詞主動形態表被動意義。
The play reads better than it acts. 這個劇本讀起來要比上演好得多。
His new novel is selling well. 他的新小說銷路很好。
②工具主語(instrument subject)
主動句的主語是表示執行動作的工具;也可能是造成某種事態的意外因素。
The gun killed the bird. 用槍射殺了這隻鳥。
The fire also destroyed cars which belonged to people who worked in the building. 大火還燒燬了屬於大樓工作人員的汽車。
③地點主語和時間主語。
指明地點或時間的主語叫做地點主語(locative subject)或時間主語(temporal subject)。
Hopefully tomorrow will turn out fine. 有希望明天會變晴。
Our school bus seats thirty. 校車能坐下三十人。
④事件主語
事件主語(eventive subject)表示某一事件的時間或地點。這類句子通常用連繫動詞be並以表示時間或地點的結構作補語。
Dinner is at six o'clock. 晚飯在六點鐘。
(3)主語表示法
①名詞用作主語。
Two hours is a long time to take over a coffee. 兩個小時喝杯咖啡，時間夠長的。
Pierre and I did have a very good time at the ball. 我和皮埃爾在舞會上的確玩得很痛快。
②代詞用作主語
Anyone who sees the lion is asked to telephone the zoo and the police. 如果有人看見這隻獅子，就請他給動物園和警察局打電話。
③數詞用作主語
When they finish their talk, the two may be quite a distance from the place where they were standing. 當談話結束時，兩個人離他們原來站的地方可能有相當一段距離。
④名詞化的形容詞用作主語。
The young respect the old; the old love the young.尊老受幼。
⑤副詞用作主語。
Here is some advice for dealing with common injuries. 這兒有幾條關於處理普通創傷的意見。
⑥不定式用作主語
It took weeks to clear all the roads and to mend all the broken electricity lines and telephone lines. 清除全部路障和修復所有被刮斷的電線和電話線花去了幾周時間。
How to get rid of waste is a great problem for the world today.如何處理廢物是當今世界上的一大難題。
To hold the Olympic Games is a rich prize for a country.舉行奧林匹克運動會對一個國家來說是一種豐厚獎賞。
⑦動名詞用作主語
Waving one's hand is to say "Goodbye", nodding the head means agreement, while shaking it means disagreement.揮手錶示再見，點頭表示同意而搖頭表示不同意。
⑧從句作主語
It is possible that one of them kept a kind of bank where the workers could keep their money safe. 其中有一個人可能開了一種錢莊，工人們可以把錢安全地存放在那裏。
⑨it作形式主語
It is wrong of the other children to make fun of you. 別的孩子取笑你這是錯誤的。
It is said that 125,000 people died in Russia as a result of illness caused by this accident.據說在俄羅斯有125,000人由於這次事故所引起的疾病而死亡。
2、謂語
謂語(predicate)在句子中說明主語的動作，主語具有的特徵或所處的狀態。一般放在主語之後。謂語是由簡單動詞或動詞短語(助動詞+主要動詞)構成。
(1)由簡單動詞構成的謂語
They started to use English, but they also brought in some words from their own languages. 他們開始使用英語，但他們也把自己的語言中的一些詞帶進英語中來了。
Please set the box on its end.請把這箱子豎着放。
(2)由動詞短語構成的謂語
I'm writing to ask you for advice. 我寫信來徵求你的意見。
Dr. Manette realized that the sister must have been very badly treated.莫奈特醫生意識到這位姐姐準是慘遭虐待。
英語常用某些動作名詞代替表動態的謂語動詞，以表生動。這種動作名詞之前常用沒有多大意義的動詞have、get、 take、give等。
Can I have a look at your copy of China Daily? 我能不能看看你的《中國日報》?
The boss gave a loud laugh .老闆放聲大笑起來。
Take care of your brother while I am away. 當我不在的時候，你要照顧好你弟弟。
3、表語
表語(predicative)說明主語的身份、特徵、類別、狀態等情況，也可以說是一種主語補足語，它位於連繫動詞之後，與之構成所謂的系表結構。可用作表語的有名詞、代詞、數詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語、從句等。
(1)表語的位置
①通常位於連繫動詞之後，但下列情況下，置於連繫動詞之前。爲了強調錶語。
In the north is Scotland, with its capital Edinburgh. 北面是蘇格蘭，首都是愛丁堡。
②由How/What引出的感嘆句中
What a curious hotel it was! 這家旅館真是離奇。
③某些讓步狀語從句中
Child as the boy was, he knew what was the right thing to do. 儘管他是個孩子，他知道做什麼事是正確的。
④“the+比較級…，the+比較級…結構中”。
The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes. 英語你聽得越多，就越容易聽懂。
(2)表語表示法
①名詞用作表語。
It is a long wait in the dark. 在黑暗中他們等了很長一段時間。
The book must be John's. 這本書準是約翰的。
②代詞作表語。
A satellite is one of the most expensive pieces of scientific equipment in the world. 衛星是世界上科學設備中最爲昂貴的一種。
③數詞用作表語。
She is always the first to get up. 她總是第一個起牀。
④形容詞用作表語。
People will be advised to keep fit in many ways. 將要勸告人們多方面地注意衛生保健。
The population in and around San Francisco is now ten times more than it was in 1906. 現在舊金山市區和郊區人口已是1906年的十倍以上。
⑤副詞用作表語。
I want to have a look at what's on this weekend. 我想看看這個週末上演什麼。
⑥不定式用作表語。
The purpose of the trip was to record all the wild-life and plants that we could find in forest. 這次旅行的目的是把我們在森林裏新發現的野生動物和植物都一一做好記錄。
⑦動名詞用作表語。
The key question is finding a method of solving it.關鍵的問題是找出解決的辦法。
⑧分詞用作表語。
Although many family became separated, people still kept in touch with each other. 雖然許多家庭都分散，但人們還是保持着聯繫。
While my feet remain standing above the water level, there is hope. 只要我的這雙腳還站在水面上，就有希望。
⑨介詞短詞用作表語。
His greatest success has not been in singing but in organizing other singers to sing for him. 他的最大成功不在於他個人的演唱而在於組織別的歌手爲他演唱。
They are of great help to learners of English. 他們對於英語學習者很有用處。(介詞of表“具有”。)
Coins may be of different sizes, weights, shapes and of different methods. 硬幣可能大小、輕重、形狀不同，鑄造的金屬可能不一樣。
⑩從句用作表語。
It looks as if it hasn't been washed following the instructions.看來它好像是沒有按照說明來洗滌的。
4、賓語
賓語(object)分爲動詞賓語和介詞賓語。賓語一般位於及物動詞和介詞之後，動詞賓語按其與動詞的關係來說又分爲直接賓語和間接賓語。
(1)賓語的種類
①賓語表示動作的對象或行爲的承受者
After they had eaten their lunch, Hank lit a cigar. 他們吃完飯後，漢克點上一支雪茄。
②賓語是動作所產生的結果，叫結果賓語(resultant object)。
Many other animals dig holes in the earth. 許多其它的動物則在地裏挖洞。
Thomas Edison is famous for having invented the eletric light.湯姆斯•愛迪生因發明電燈而聞名。
③使役賓語(causative object)，賓語是動作使役的對象。
It'll make the cabbage plants grow big and strong. 它能使白菜秧長得又大又壯。
Can you try to get them to bring down the price? 你能使他們降點價嗎?
He might be attacked and have his case stolen from him. 他可能遭到襲擊，提箱也可能被盜。
④表示動作實現的方式、工具、地點。
She laughed her thanks. 她笑着表示謝意。
Walking slowly across the grass, he pointed the pipe at the lion and fired. 他慢慢地走過草地，把管子對準獅子就射擊了。
Einstein was able to prove that light coming from the stars was bent as it passed the sun. 愛因斯坦卻能證明從恆星來的光線當其經過太陽時變彎曲了。
⑤表示謂語動作的目的。
French people kiss each other hello and goodbye more often than British people. 法國人在問候和告別時相互親吻要比英國人多。
(2)賓語表示法
①名詞用作賓語。
Bob asked all the airlines to fly the pop stars for free. 鮑勃請求所有的航空公司免費運送這些歌星。
②代詞用作賓語。
It picked it up in its mouth and carried it into the bushes. 它叼起它(那塊肉)就跑到樹叢裏去了。
③數詞用作賓語。
Canada covers six of the world's 24 time areas. 加拿大的國土跨過全世界24個時區的6個。
④名詞化的形容詞用作賓語。
She's always helping the poorer than herself. 她一向幫助比她自己窮的人。
⑤副詞用作賓語。
Since then the number of milu deer there has greatly increased.從那以後，那兒的糜鹿的數量己大大增加了。
⑥不定式用作賓語
I just didn't wish to put you to the trouble of changing a large note. 只不過我不想麻煩你破開一張大票子罷了。
Using body language in a correct way will help communicate with people and make them stay in a foreign country easy and comfortable. 正確運用身勢語有助於同人們進行交際，並使人們在外國逗留時會感到輕鬆而愉快。
Check the prices before you decide whether to buy one. 要先看好價錢後再決定買不買。
⑦動名詞作賓語或名詞化分詞(主要是過去分詞)作賓語
When she had finished listening to the news, ins turned off the radio.聽完新聞後，卡普斯太太就把收音機關上了。
Many of the injured lost their sight. 受傷人員中有許多人雙目失明。
⑧介詞短語用作賓語。
Today you can either fly to Abu Simbel or you can take a boat from across the lake. 今天你可以乘飛機去阿布辛波，也可以從湖的對岸乘小船去。
⑨句子用作賓語
“Make sure the door is shut”, said he. “去查看一下，門要關好”，他說。
I suggest that you choose someone who you think is kind and friendly.我建議你挑選一位你認爲親切而友好的人。
⑩it用作形式賓語。
In the 1870s, when Marx was already in his fifties, he found it important to study the situation in Russia.在19世紀70年代，馬克思己經50多歲了，他覺得研究俄國的形勢很重要。
(3)同源賓語
有些動詞可帶有一個與之含義相同、相近、相關的名詞作賓語，即同源賓語(cognate object)。
Einstein lived the rest of his life quietly in the US 愛因斯坦在美國恬靜地度過了他的餘生。
He died a heroic death.他英勇地犧牲了。
She dreamt a sweet dream.她做了一個美夢。
She smiled a bitter smile.她苦笑了一下。
(4)直接賓語和間接賓語
直接賓語表示動作的直接對象和結果，是動作的承受者。間接賓語表示動作的方向和目的，常指人。間接賓語一般須與直接賓語連用，通常置於直接賓語之前。如果置於其後，需在間接賓語前帶to或for ,to表示動作對誰做，for表示動作爲誰做。可具有這種雙賓語的及物動詞有：bring, fetch, give, hand, leave, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, read, refuse, show, sing, teach, tell, write, buy, find, get, make, envy, return, sell等。
I don't envy you your job.我不羨慕你的職業。
Sydney promised her that he would always do anything he could for her to make sure of her happiness.悉尼對她許下諾言說爲了確保她生活幸福，他願意永遠爲她做一切可能做的事。
I think we'll leave it to the experts.我想將這事留給這些專家。
Mother has made a new dress for my sister.母親爲姐姐做了一件新衣服。
注意：必須帶介詞to的間接賓語：
有些表說話的動詞不是雙賓語及物動詞，如果用這種動詞表示對誰說話，只能跟有由to引導的介詞詞組。這些動詞有：announce, explain, say, introduce, point out, report, suggest, express, describe等。
The weather man in his TV broadcast repeated this to millions of people .氣象員在電視中對百萬觀衆重說了上述的預報。
As I expressed to him my thanks, he held my hand firmly and looked into my eyes.當我向他表達我的感謝時，他緊緊地握住了我的手，看着我的眼睛。
(5)介詞賓語
At seventeen he set off for the USA with a group of comedy actors.17歲時，他跟一些喜劇演員去了美國。
Millions of young trees have already been planted to take the place of those which were blown over.現在已種植了數百萬棵小樹來取代那些被颳倒的樹。
Instead of smiling，each of them made a face.他們沒有笑容，而是每個人做了鬼臉。
注意：介詞but、except後如接動詞用動詞不定式。
It has no choice but to lie down and sleep.別無選擇，它只好躺下睡覺。
He doesn't want to do anything except help me.他只是想幫助我。
5、補足語
補足語(complement)是一種補足主語和賓語的意義的句子成分。補足主語意義的句子成分叫主語補足語(subject complement);補足賓語意義的句子成分叫賓語補足語(object complement)。用作補足語的有名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式(短語)、分詞(短語)、介詞短語等。
He persuaded other people to provide money or to give help.他說服其他的人或者出錢或者給予幫助。
Besides ,it was autumn and therefore the trees still had their leaves on.再說又是秋天，樹上還有樹葉。
I think you'll find these materials much better and much more suitable.我認爲你會認爲這些料好得多更合適得多。
The lion could still be seen in the bushes eating the meat.還可以看見那頭獅子在樹叢裏吃肉。
I watched all the glasses that were on the table fall off and onto the floor.我看到桌上所有的玻璃杯掉到地板上。
This song is thought to be most popular.這首歌被認爲是最流行的歌曲。
They think that this will help them kick their smoking habit. 他們認爲這將幫助他們戒掉煙癮。
Although we may not realize it ,when we talk with others,we make ourselves understood just by words.我們同別人談話時，並不僅限於用言語讓人明白自己的思想，對於這一點，我們可能沒有意識到。
In 1849,he went to England and made London the base for his revolutionary work.1849年，他去了英國，把倫敦作爲他從事革命工作的基地。
The woodcutter was standing next to a fallen tree with lots of small pieces of wood in front of him.樵夫正站在一顆倒在地上的樹旁，他面前是一大堆小木塊。
6、定語
定語(attribute)用來修飾名詞或代詞，說明人或物的狀態、品質、數量等。可用作定語的有形容詞、名詞、數詞、副詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語、從句和句子等。
(1)定語表示法
It was the earliest research centre for agriculture. 它是最早的農學研究中心。(形容詞用作定語)
They had brought a picnic lunch with him. 他們帶着供午餐用的食品。(名詞用作定語)
I'm looking for another speaker who could give a talk. 我正在物色另外一位能做報告的人。(代詞用作定語)
In 1911,she received a second Nobel Prize for her research, becoming the first person in the world to receive two Nobel prizes. 1911年由於她的研究，她再次獲得了諾貝爾獎，成爲世界上第一位兩次諾貝爾獎的獲得者。(數詞用作定語)
The way out lies in the development of education. 出路在於發展教育。(副詞用作定語)
There are plenty of interesting places to visit. 有不少有趣的地方可以去看看。(不定式用作定語)
Everybody was at his fighting post.每一個人都守在自己的戰鬥崗位上。(動名詞用作定語)
By the end of the year , the total money collected had come to over 92 million dollars, all of which were sent to Africa.到年底爲止，籌集到的全部款項達到9200多萬美元。所有這些錢全部送往非洲。(分詞用作定語)
