著名作家塞萬提斯被海盜劫持的故事(上)

They knew him by his rib. “When I saw thatrib – I thought, ‘We've found [him] at last!’,” forensic expert FranciscoExteberría told NPR. He had noticed the letters MC on a fragment of the coffin;the flayed rib and the crippled left arm picked up in the Battle of Lepanto.

他們從肋骨認出了他。法醫弗朗西斯科（Francisco Exteberría）告訴美國國家公共電臺（NPR）：“看到那根肋骨時，我想，我們終於找到（他）了！”他注意到，棺材碎片上的字母MC；皮肉剝落的肋骨以及勒班陀戰役中致殘的左臂。

It was 2015. Deep in the sub-soil of a17th-Century convent’s grounds, operating quietly so as not to disturb the 12cloistered nuns who live there in silence, the team of archaeologists andforensic anthropologists had uncovered the remains of at least 15 people –before theycame across the splintered coffin.

當時已是2015 年。這支由考古學家、法醫人類學家組成的團隊在一座17 世紀修道院深深的地下安靜地操作，以免打擾到隱居於此靜靜生活的12 名修女。在發現這個裂成碎片的棺材前，他們還至少發現了15 具遺骨。

“The whole team was there in silence, underground, studying what wefound – and we all knew.” Even before he received the results from the DNAanalysis, Exteberría was sure. In the crypt beneath Madrid’s Convent of theBarefoot Trinitarians lay the skeleton of the great Spanish writer, Miguel deCervantes.

“整個團隊都在地下靜靜地研究我們發現的東西——我們都知道我們發現了什麼。”即使在得到DNA 檢驗結果之前，弗朗西斯科對結果就很肯定。在馬德里赤足三一教徒修道院（Convent of the Barefoot Trinitarians）的地下墓穴裏，安放着西班牙偉大作家米格爾·德·塞萬提斯（Miguel de Cervantes）的遺骸。

In 1575, after fighting in militarycampaigns against the Turks in the Mediterranean, the Spaniard was captured byBarbary pirates and taken to Algiers. There, he was kept as a slave for fiveyears. When he was freed – with a ransom raised by Trinitarian friars attachedto the convent he was to be buried beneath –he had become theman who would write one of the greatest novels in history.

1575 年，在參加西班牙與土耳其的地中海軍事戰役後，這位西班牙人被巴巴里海盜抓獲，隨後被帶到阿爾及爾。在那裏，他度過了五年囚徒時光。被解救後（依靠修道院三一教徒籌集的贖金，他的遺體就被埋葬在這座修道院地下），他成爲小說家，寫出了史上最偉大的小說之一。

“His five-year captivity in Algiers left an indelible impression onhis fiction,” Cervantes scholar María Antonia Garcés tells BBC Culture. “Fromthe first work. written after his liberation, such as the play Life in Algiers(c. 1581-1583) and his novel La Galatea (1585), to his posthumous book TheTrials of Persiles and Sigismunda (1617), the story of this traumaticexperience continuously speaks through his work.”

研究塞萬提斯的學者瑪麗亞·安東尼婭·加爾塞斯（María Antonia Garcés）向BBC 文化事務記者表示，“在阿爾及爾度過的五年囚禁歲月，在他的小說中留下了難以磨滅的印記。從他重獲自由後創作的最早一批作品中，如戲劇《生活在阿爾及爾》（Life in Algiers）(約1581-1583) 和小說《伽拉泰亞》（La Galatea）(1585), 再到他的遺作《貝爾西雷斯和西希斯蒙達歷險記》（The Trials of Persiles and Sigismunda）(1617), 這段慘痛的經歷都屢屢出現其中。”

Life-saving literature

拯救生命的文學作品

Garcés, who is professor of Hispanicstudies at Cornell University, understands the trauma of captivity. BetweenDecember 1982 and July 1983, she was held hostage by a guerrilla group inColombia. “I have always read intensely and found solace in literature,” shesays. “I survived my captivity, I think, thanks to some of the books my captorsbrought me, which I requested, including a decrepit Spanish translation ofOscar Wilde’s Complete Works… When I had nothing to read, I read a LarousseSpanish Dictionary from top to bottom. The marvel of words has alwaysfascinated me.”

康奈爾大學西班牙研究教授加爾塞斯（Garcés）深知囚禁帶給人的心理創傷。1982 年12 月至1983 年7 月期間，她曾被哥倫比亞游擊隊作爲人質關押。她表示，“我總是不停地閱讀，希望在文學中找到了慰藉。我想，我能熬過了這段囚禁歲月，要多虧我要求看守帶給我的一些書，其中包括《奧斯卡·王爾德全集》的西班牙語譯本......在無書可讀時，我就把拉魯斯的西班牙語詞典從頭讀到尾。奇妙的語句總是讓我着迷。”

I survived my captivity, I think, thanks tothe books my captors brought me. My love of literature kept me alive –María AntoniaGarcés

她也閱讀塞萬提斯的作品，她認爲，是塞萬提斯幫助她在隨後幾年活了下來。在獲釋後，加爾塞斯開始研究塞萬提斯的作品。她表示，“在獲得自由、重獲新生後，我成爲一名學者。我是倖存者。在長達七個月的囚禁中，我被鎖在一個狹小、無窗的牢房中，時刻有武裝獄卒看守，常常受到綁架者的死亡威脅。對文學的熱愛幫助我活了下來。我希望充分利用我的餘生......於是，我這樣做了，現在我成了一名研究塞萬提斯的學者。”

She also read Cervantes, whom she creditswith helping her survive in the following years. After her release, Garcésbegan to study his work. “I became a scholar after getting a new lease of life,after being liberated,” she says. “I was a survivor, after seven months ofcaptivity, where I was locked in a tiny, windowless cell, constantly guarded byarmed jailers and often threatened with death by my kidnappers. My love ofliterature kept me alive, and I wanted to make the most of what remained of mylife… I have done this by becoming a scholar and working on Cervantes.”

加爾塞斯2005 年的著作《塞萬提斯在阿爾及爾》（Cervantes in Algiers）：這是一個被囚禁者的故事，它探討了這樣的觀點：有創傷經歷的倖存者都有一種複述自己經歷的衝動。

Garcés’s 2005 book Cervantes in Algiers: ACaptive’s Tale explores the idea that survivors of traumatic events have anurge to repeat their stories. She describes how Cervantes told and retold hisown account of enslavement: in plays, poetry and novellas including The EnglishSpanish Girl and The Liberal Lover, as well as what Garcés calls “Cervantes’s mostimportant autobiographical narrative” –the tale told by acaptive in Part 1 of Don Quixote.

她描述了塞萬提斯怎樣一再講述自己被奴役的經歷：在戲劇、詩歌和小說中處處可見，其中包括《英格蘭的西班牙女孩》（The English Spanish Girl）、《自由的情人》（The LiberalLover），還有加爾塞斯所稱的“塞萬提斯最重要的自傳敘事”——《堂吉訶德》第一部分中一個被俘者所講的故事。

Repeat to survive

重複才能活下來

This need for repetition tallies with theexperiences of other traumatised individuals. In Bearing Witness or theVicissitudes of Listening, which is based on interviews with Holocaustsurvivors, Yale psychiatry professor Dori Laub states that the subject oftrauma “lives in its grip and unwittingly undergoes its ceaseless repetitionsand reenactments.” Trauma survivors, argues Laub, “live not with memories ofthe past, but with an event that could not and did not proceed through to itscompletion, has no ending, attained no closure, and therefore, as far as itssurvivors are concerned, continues into the present and is current in everyrespect.”

這種重複講述行爲也符合其他創傷個體的體驗。在《見證或聆聽人世滄桑》（Bearing Witness or the Vicissitudes of Listening）一文中，耶魯大學精神病學教授勞德瑞（Dori Laub）指出，創傷主體“生活在創傷控制中，會不自覺地不斷重複並重現創傷”。該文建立在對大屠殺倖存者的訪談基礎之上。勞德瑞認爲，創傷倖存者“並不是生活在過去的記憶中，而是他們不去也無法了結創傷，創傷無法結束，無法終止，因此，就創傷倖存者而言，創傷就會繼續在各個方面與其如影隨形。”