雙語科技百科(化學) 第48期:唐三彩
Tang Tri-colored Glazed Pottery
Atype of glazed pottery with the dominant colors of yellow, brown and , green was very popular in the Tang Dynasty. It was later called the tri-colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty, or Tangsancai.
唐三彩是一種盛行於唐代的陶器，以黃、褐、綠爲基本釉色，後來人們習慣地把這類陶器稱爲“唐三彩”。The Tang tri-colored glazed pottery is a low-melting glazed pottery. It was made by adding metallic oxides to the colored glaze and calcining the object to cre-ate different colors, namely the predominant yellow, brown and green. The chemi-cals in the glaze change gradually in the firing process, creating a variegated effect with a majestic and elegant artistic attraction. Tri-colored glazed pottery was usually used as burial loose and brittle base and its low waterproofing proper-ties meant it was not as practical as the blue and white porcelain that had already emerged at the time.
唐三彩是一種低溫釉陶器，在色釉中加入不同的金屬氧化物，經過焙燒，便形成淺黃、赭黃、淺綠、深綠、天藍、褐紅、茄紫等多種色彩，但多以黃、褐、綠三色爲主。
Tri-colored glazed pottery utensils of the Tang were usually rounded and full in shape in accordance with the aesthetic values of the time. The accurately propor-tioned human and ardmal figures have fluid lines, natural expressions and life-like movements. The soldier figures have strong muscles, big staring eyes and wield swords or arrows. The female figures have high hair buns and full sleeves; they stand gracefully erect, looking natural and elegant. The animal figures are mainly of horses and camels.
唐三彩的色釉有濃淡變化、互相浸潤、斑駁淋漓的效果。在色彩的相互輝映中，顯出堂皇富麗的藝術魅力。唐三彩用於隨葬，作爲明器，因爲它的胎質鬆脆，防水性能差，實用性遠不如當時已經出現的青瓷和白瓷。唐三彩器物形體圓潤、飽滿，與唐代藝術的豐滿、健美、闊碩的特徵是一致的。它的種類繁多，主要有人物、動物和日常生活用具。三彩人物和動物的比例適度，形態自然，線條流暢，生動活潑。在人物俑中，武士肌肉發達，怒目圓睜，劍拔弩張；女俑則高髻廣袖，亭亭立玉，悠然嫺雅，十分豐滿。動物以馬和駱駝爲多。A tri-colored glazed pottery of a camel and a dance group was unearthed in a Tang general’s tomb. The camel is brown and stands with its head raised long hairs on its head, chest, h and upper parts of its lwo front legs were carefully executed. On the camel’s back is a platform covered by a rug with two ethnic musicians seated on it with their backs to each other playing instru-ments. A third ethnic person dances between them. The three human figures have deep eyes, high-bridged noses and full beards; they are wearing long, green sweaters with turned-down collars and white boots. The figure in the front has a deep yellow coat. This piece of pottery is truly an exquisite handicraft.
在唐右衛大將軍墓中出土了一件駱駝載樂俑。這匹駱駝昂首佇立，通體棕黃色，從頭頂到頸部，由下頷到腹間以及兩前肢上部都有下垂長毛，柔麗漂亮。駝背上架有平臺並鋪有毛毯。平臺上左右各坐胡樂俑二人，而且是背對背而坐，正在吹打樂器，有一俑站在中央，翩翩起舞。這三個樂俑個個深目高鼻，絡腮鬍須，身穿綠色翻領長衣，白色氈靴，只有前面一人穿黃色通肩大衣。這件高大的駝載樂舞俑精美絕倫，令人讚歎！Tri-colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty was mostly produced in Xi’an,Luoyang and Yangzhou, which were important cities along the Silk Road. The cam-el was the major form of transport on the ancient trade route during the Tang,From these glazed potteries, we can imagine the travelers and camels making their hard journey across the desert, depending on one another for survival. The large figures and camels’ resolute expressions represent the hardships assoaated with traveling on the long road.
唐三彩的產地西安、洛陽、揚州是陸上和海上絲綢古道的聯接點。在古絲綢之路上，唐代的交通工具主要是駱駝。可以想見，在沙漠中，人和駱駝艱難跋涉，相依爲命，所以人和駱駝有一種親密感。它那高大的形態和堅毅負重的神情，似乎還帶着絲綢古道的萬里風塵。Tri-colored glazed pottery is the crest of Tang pottery and it flourished during the dynastys early and middle period. As the Tang Dynasty gradually lost power and its porcelain-producing technology developed, tri-colored glazed pottery de-clined. Though tri-colored glazed pottery was also produced during the Liao and Jin dynasties, it was not made in such great quantity and its quality was not as good as that of the Tang.
唐三彩是唐代陶器中的精華，在初唐、盛唐時達到高峯。安史之亂以後，隨着唐王朝的逐步衰弱，由於瓷器的迅速發展，三彩器製作逐步衰退。後來又產生了“遼三彩”、“金三彩”，但在數量、質量以及藝術性方面，都遠不及唐三彩。Tri-colored glazed pottery was exported to foreign countries in the early Tang,winning great favor. It was always been famed for its bright colors and pleasing shapes. Tri-colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty is a shining pearl among ancient Chinese pottery.
唐三彩早在唐初就輸出國外，深受異國人民的喜愛。這種多色釉的陶器以它斑斕釉彩，鮮麗明亮的光澤，優美精湛的造型著稱於世，唐三彩是中國古代陶器中一顆璀璨的明珠。
