中英雙語話史記 第6期:大汶口文化
Dawenkou Culture
大汶口文化
Traces of this culture were first discovered in 1959 along the Dawenhe River near Dawenkou Town of Tai'an Country, and Baotou Village of Ningy- ang County in Shandong Province.
大汶口文化的蹤跡1959年時在山東泰安市大汶口村附近的大汶口河以及寧陽縣堡頭村被首次發現。
Most of the remnants lie around Mount Tai,
大部分遺蹟依泰山而存，
reaching as far as the southern coast of the Bohai Sea in the north, Jiangsu Province in the south,
北達渤海南岸，南至江蘇省，
the eastern line of the Western Plains of Shandong Province in the west, and the coast of the Yellow Sea in the East.
西至山東省西部平原的東線，東至黃河沿岸。
So far, over 200 remains have been discovered and more than 10 sites (mainly tombs) unearthed.
目前爲止，超過200件遺蹟已被發現，超過10座遺址（主要爲墓穴）被髮掘。
Researchers have revealed that the culture lasted mainly from 4300 B.C. to 2500 B.C.
研究者發現大汶口文化主要從公元前4300年持續到公元前2500年。
Ancestors of Dawenkou Culture had polished stoneware as their major production implements,
大汶口文化的祖先打磨石器以作爲他們主要的生產工具，
including a large number of exquisite tools of bone, horn and tooth.
其中包括很多精緻的由骨頭、角和牙齒製成的工具。
Pottery for everyday use was mainly red clay pottery and red sand pottery.
每一天使用的陶器主要爲紅土陶和紅砂陶。
There were gray pottery, black pottery and a small amount of white hard pottery, and colored pottery as well.
同時也有灰陶、黑陶和一小部分的白瓷和彩陶。
During this period, production developed from manual work.to wheel work.
在這段時期，生產從手工工作進化爲機械工作。
Refined pottery art crafts came into being.
精緻的陶藝工藝產生了。
Agriculture constituted their chief economic activity, while fishing and hunting were subsidiary activities.
農業構成了人們主要的經濟活動，捕魚和打獵成爲了附屬的活動。
Stockbreeding, such as pig, dog, cow, and chicken raising, were rather developed.
畜牧業，比如豬、狗、奶牛和雞的養殖也在發展。
The handicraft industry of Dawenkou culture had separated itself gradually from agriculture and existed all by itself.
大汶口文化中的手工業使其逐漸脫離農業並形成了自己的文化。
The sharp contrast between the rich and the poor was becoming more and more obvious.
貧富之間的對比越來越明顯。
In the late period, there appeared the co-burial of men and women, which marked the social transition from the matriarchy to the patrilineal.
在其文化的最後一段時期出現了男女合葬，而這標着着社會又母系向父系的過渡。
