用英語說中國春秋戰國
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用英語說中國春秋戰國：Spring and Autumn Period 春秋時期
Marked by overlord politics, this period was named after the book Spring and Autumn Annals (the history of Lu) adapted by Confucius.
春秋，這一羣雄爭霸的時期，得名與孔子所編撰的一部魯國史書《春秋》。
After the eastward move of King Ping, some vassal states progressed in social economy.
周平王東遷後，一些諸侯國社會經濟迅速發展。
They became stronger while the royal authority took a nose dive, gradually losing its control over them.
它們日益強盛，而王權則一落千丈，逐漸失去對諸侯們的控制權。
During the Spring and Autumn Period, there were over 150 kingdoms coexisting with Zhou, among them Qi, Lu, Jin, Yan, Qin, Chu, Wu, Yue, etc were the stronger.
在春秋戰國時期，有超過150個諸侯國與周共存，其中齊，魯，晉，燕，秦，楚，吳，越等國較爲強大。
These powerful states, relying on their military and economic advantages, launched wars to expand their territories; forcing small states follow them so as to establish their dominance as overlords.
這些強大的國家，依靠自己的軍事和經濟優勢，發動戰爭以擴大自己的疆土;迫使小國成爲它們的附屬，從而建立自己的統治地位的霸權。
In the early to middle stage of the Spring and Autumn Period, five dukes, namely Huangong of the Qi state, Xianggong of the Song, Wengong of the Jin, Mugong of the Qin and Zhuangwang of the Chu, once fought for the “ overlordship”，known as the “the Five Overlords of the Spring and Autumn Period”，in which Huangong of Qi was the first one to establish his hegemony by advocating respect the king and repulse the alien tribes. ”
春秋前期至中期，五位諸侯，即齊恆公、宋襄公、晉文公、秦穆公、楚莊王，都曾爲了“霸主地位”而發起過戰爭，被稱爲“春秋五霸”，其中齊桓公首先提出“尊王攘夷”的口號以建立自己的霸權。
Continuous wars brought enormous balefulness to the people giving rise to wide opposition in the small states.
連年的戰爭給人民帶來巨大的災難，小諸侯國內開始出現大範圍的反抗。
Finally, in 579 BC and 546 BC, two treaties were made between Jin and Chu kingdoms, resulting in a short peace in the Central Plains.
最終，在公元前579年至公元前546年，秦國和楚國締結條約，爲中原地區帶來了短暫的和平。
In the epilogue to the struggle to become overlord of the Central Plains, Wu and Yue, two kingdoms located in the downstream area of the Yangtze River, rose up.
當中國諸侯爭霸戰爭進入尾聲之時，地處長江下游的兩個國家吳國和越國發展壯大起來。
Firstly defeated by the kingdom of Wu, Goujian, the king of Yue, applied himself to the development of agriculture and training his army.
被吳國打敗之後，越王勾踐臥薪嚐膽，潛心發展農業，訓練軍隊。
He finally got an opportunity to conquer the Wu and became the last overlord during the Spring and Autumn Period.
最後，他抓住機會消滅吳國，成爲在春秋時期的最後一個霸主。
According to historical records, during this period, a total of thirty-six kings were killed and fifty-two vassal states were demolished.
據史料記載，在此期間，共有36國王被殺，52諸侯國被消滅。
This constant conflict and annexation of one state by another during the Spring and Autumn Period hastened social and economic change and had the effect of integrating people of different tribes and nationalities.
春秋時期這種國與國之間不斷的衝突和吞併加劇了社會及經濟的變化，並對來自不同部落和國家的人們產生了深遠的影響。
The consequence of this period of drastic upheavals, reshufflings and regroupings, what had been several hundred states were reconstituted into seven megastates.
經歷了這一時期的劇烈動盪、兼併、重組，數百個諸侯國最終被七大國(齊、楚、燕、韓、趙、魏、秦)吸收兼併。
China entered the Warring States Period.
自此，中國進入戰國時期。
用英語說中國春秋戰國：Battle of Chengpu 城濮之戰
During the Spring and Autumn Period, there was a conflict between the states of Jin against Chu and its allies in China in 632 BC, which is called the Battle of Chengpu.
城濮之戰發生在春秋時期，公元前632年，晉國和楚國聯軍在城濮開戰。
The Jin victory confirmed the hegemony of Duke Wen of Jin and checked Chu ambitions in the north for at least a generation.
晉國的勝利確保了晉文公的霸權地位也確立了楚國在北方長達至少一代時間的通知。
The Battle of Chengpu is probably the biggest of the Spring and Autumn Period and definitely the most detailed in the Zuo Zhuan (左傳).
城濮之戰可能是春秋時期最大的一次戰役，也在左傳中得到了詳細的記載。
It could be viewed as the first great battle in the protracted conflict between the states of the Yellow River valley, and the states of the Yangtze River valley.
它可被視爲黃河流域和長江流域諸侯國之間第一次大戰。
用英語說中國春秋戰國：Warring States Period 戰國時期
After long-term wars, seven kingdoms, namely Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei and Qin, appeared as the most powerful states in this period, known as the “Seven Overlords” in history.
經過長期的戰爭，齊，楚，燕，韓，趙，魏、秦，戰國時期內最強大的國家，史稱“戰國七雄”。
To expand their forces and territories, the seven overlords, on the one hand, carried out reforms in their own states to strengthen themselves and,
爲了擴大自己的勢力範圍和領土，這七大國一方面對內實行改革，使自己更大強大，
on the other, were warring against each other and scheming to annex other states, which gave rise to the situation of seven powerful states existing side by side and struggling against each other.
另一方面對外交戰，意圖兼併他國，這導致了戰國七雄相互歌劇混戰的局面。
Qin, situated in the remote west, used to be a vassal state enfeoffed by King Ping for Qin Xianggong’s contribution of escorting the king on his move east.
秦，位於西部偏遠，曾經是周平王因秦襄公護送東遷有功而冊封給他的諸侯國。
During the Spring and Autumn Period, Qin Mugong annexed twelve states, largely expanding his territory, making himself an overlord.
在春秋戰國時期，秦穆公吞併十二個國家，極大地擴大了自己的領土，使其成爲一代霸主。
During the Warring States Period, Qin, because of its outlying position, was more backward than the states in the Central Plains.
在戰國時期，由於秦國偏遠的地形，其相較於中原諸國落後的多。
When Qin Xiaogong was in power, Shangyang, an aristocratic descendant of the Wei kingdom, was entrusted by the monarch to carry out a series of reforms in 359 BC and 350 BC to strengthen the power of Qin.
秦孝公當政時，商鞅，衛國的貴族後裔，在公元前359年至公元前350年奉命開展了一系列的改革，以加強秦國的實力。
Shangyang's reforms include abolishing the outdated well-field system, legalizing the private ownership of land, canceling the hereditary system of rank and initiating a county system.
商鞅變法包括廢除過時的井田制，使土地私有制合法化，取消職級的世襲制，改用縣制。
In addition, Qin also paid attention to the development of agriculture.
此外，秦還重視農業的發展。大約在公元前250年，李冰，蜀地的省長(現四川省)，與其兒子一道，領導了都江堰水利工程的建造，它不僅控制了洪水的泛濫，同時還灌溉了整個成都平原。
Around 250 BC, Libing, a governor of Shu prefecture (present Sichuan Province), together with his son, directed the construction of Dujiangyan Irrigation Project, which not only controlled flooding but also irrigated the whole Chengdu Plain.
秦在改革進步的基礎上迅速成爲一個實力強大的國家，爲日後秦始皇統一中國奠定了堅實的基礎。
Qin, based on the reforms and improvements, quickly became a powerful state, laying a solid foundation for the future unification of China by Emperor Qin Shi Huang.
在戰國末期，東周王室名存實亡。公元前256年，秦出動軍隊，打敗東周。沒過多久，嬴政繼承王位後，他加快吞的步伐並最終在公元前221年統一中國，建立起一個統一的多民族的專制集權的國家，結束了戰國時期。
At the end of Warring States, the royal house of Eastern Zhou existed in name only. In 256 BC, Qin dispatched army and defeated the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Before long, after King Yingzheng succeeded to the throne, he expedited his project of annexation and finally in 221 BC united China and established a unified, multinational, autocratic and power-centralized state, putting an end to the Waning States Period.
在西漢末期(公元前206年至公元24年)，劉向在有關這一時期的資料的基礎上，根據這一時期的特點，將史料編撰成書《戰國策敘錄》。後人遂將這個混亂的時代命名爲戰國時期。
At the end of Western Han Dynasty (206 BC—24 AD), Liu Xiang, based on the information about this period, compiled a book and named it the History of Warring States according to the character of this period. Later generations then named this chaotic era the Warring States Period.
