WHO研究 年全球700萬人死於空氣污染
Air pollution by sources ranging from cooking fires to auto fumes contributed to an estimated seven million deaths worldwide in 2012, the UN health agency has said.
世界衛生組織表示，據估計由於油煙與汽車尾氣引起的空氣污染在2012年導致了全世界700萬人死亡。
"Air pollution, and we're talking about both indoors and outdoors, is now the biggest environmental health problem, and it's affecting everyone, both developed and developing countries," said Maria Neira, the World Health Organisation's public and environmental health chief.
“空氣污染，無論室內與室外的，都成爲了當前最大的環境健康問題。它影響着每一個人，無論是發展中國家還是發達國家，”世界衛生組織公共環境健康主管Maria Neira說。
Globally, pollution was linked to one death in eight in 2012, new WHO research found.
世界衛生組織最新報告顯示，2012年全球死去的每八個人中就有一名死因與污染有關。
The biggest pollution-related killers were heart disease, stroke, pulmonary disease and lung cancer.
與污染相關的最大殺手是心臟病、中風、呼吸疾病和肺癌。
The hardest-hit regions of the globe were what the WHO labels Southeast Asia, which includes India and Indonesia, and the Western Pacific, ranging from China and South Korea to Japan and the Philippines.
世界衛生組織認爲最嚴重的地區是東南亞，包括印度、印度尼西亞，還有西太平洋地區，從中國、韓國一直到日本、菲律賓。
Together, they accounted for 5.9 million deaths.
據統計，該地區死亡人數達到590萬人。
The global death toll included 4.3 million deaths due to indoor air pollution, chiefly caused by cooking over coal, wood and biomass stoves.
全世界有430萬人死於室內空氣污染，主要來源爲煤爐、木頭燃燒和生物質爐竈。
The toll from outdoor pollution was 3.7 million, with sources ranging from coal heating fires to diesel engines.
全世界死於戶外污染的有370萬人，污染源爲工業用煤和柴油機。
Many people are exposed to both indoor and outdoor pollution, the WHO said, and due to that overlap the separate death toll attributed to the two sources cannot simply be added together, hence the figure of seven million deaths.
世界衛生組織說，有很多人同時暴露在室內污染與室外污染下，由於各自的死亡人數有相互交疊的部分，因此並不能簡單相加，因此得出的數據爲700萬人。
The new figure is "shocking and worrying", Ms Neira told reporters.
Neira女士告訴記者，這個數字令人“震驚且憂慮”。
When it last released an estimate for deaths related to air pollution, in 2008, the agency had put the figure related to outdoor pollution at 1.3 million, while the number blamed on indoor pollution was 1.9 million.
2008年世界衛生組織發佈空氣污染導致的死亡人數預測數據時，室外污染死亡人數爲130萬，而室內污染死亡人數爲190萬人。
But a change in research methods makes comparison difficult between the 2008 estimate and the 2012 figures, Neira said.
Neira說由於調查方法的改變，難以對2008年與2012年的數據進行比對。
In the past, for example, the WHO did not take into account the overlap between exposure to both forms, and only assessed urban pollution.
例如，以前世界衛生組織並沒有考慮室內室外交叉的部分，並且只統計了城市污染的部分。
Satellite imagery has made it easier to assess rural pollution, and new knowledge about the health impact of exposure has enabled a better count.
衛星圖像使調查鄉村的污染變得更加容易，並且關於影響健康的風險因素的新知識讓我們可以做一個更好的統計。
"The risks from air pollution are now far greater than previously thought or understood, particularly for heart disease and strokes," said Neira.
“空氣污染的危害遠遠超過以前我們所知道的，尤其是對於心臟病與中風。”Neira說。
"Few risks have a greater impact on global health today than air pollution. The evidence signals the need for concerted action to clean up the air we all breathe."
“沒有什麼會比空氣污染給全球健康帶來更大的危害。這些證據說明我們必須採取行動淨化我們的空氣。”
According to the WHO, some 2.9 billion people in poor nations live in homes that use fires as their principle method of cooking and heating.
根據世界衛生組織調查，貧困國家中大概有29億人在家裏依舊使用柴火做飯取暖。
Carlos Dora, the WHO's public and environmental health coordinator, said that turned homes into "combustion chambers".
WHO公共環境健康協調員Carlos Dora說這樣會使家變成“燃燒的套房”。
Simple measures to stem the impact include so-called "clean cook stoves", which are a low-tech option, as well as improved ventilation, he said.
改善這種情況的簡單辦法是所謂的“清潔竈”，這是一種低科技含量的選擇，也就是改進的通風設備，他說。
Countries also need to rethink policies, Mr Dora said, pointing to the impact in the developed world of a shift to cleaner power sources, more efficient management of energy demand, and technical strides in the auto industry.
Dora先生說各國需要反思各自的政策，他指出了發達國家轉變爲使用清潔的動力能源，對能源需求進行更高效的管理，以及自動工業技術的提升的影響。
He also said transport policies needed a shake-up.
他說運輸政策也需要巨大的改變。
With air pollution having sparked a recent scare in France, leading to restrictions on car use and the temporary scrapping of public transport fees in Paris, Mr Dora said such measures could be applied in the longer term.
由於空氣污染在法國近期引發的恐慌，導致汽車限行與巴黎公共運輸費用的暫時廢除，他說這些措施可以長久地實施。
"You can't buy clean air in a bottle," he said.
“你買不到一瓶乾淨的空氣。”他說。
"The air is a shared resource. In order to breathe clean air, we have to have interventions in the areas that pollute air."
“空氣是共有的資源。爲了呼吸乾淨的空氣，我們需要對污染空氣的地區採取措施。
The WHO said it planned by the end of this year to release a ranking of the world's 1,600 most polluted cities.
世界衛生組織說計劃在今年年底發佈全球污染最嚴重的1600個城市名單。
