英文原版小説看不下去？手把手教你讀
Many types of fiction give us great reading pleasure:
小説分成許多種類型，閲讀它們能讓我們感到極大的愉悦：
Novels and short stories can be historic, westerns, science fiction, thrillers, romance, horror, etc. The following can provide a framework for discussing these in book clubs and for writing book reports.
小説包括長篇小説和短篇小説，可分為歷史小説，西部小説，科幻小説，驚悚小説，愛情小説，恐怖小説等類型。下面介紹的閲讀方法能為你提供一種方法論，讓你在讀書俱樂部討論作品或者撰寫讀書報告的時候有法可依。
An author creates a person to tell the story, and this person is the narrator.
作者通過創造一個形象來講述故事，這個形象就是敍述者。
The narrator delivers the point of view of the story.
敍述者闡發故事藴含的思想內涵。
multiple narrators of the story can also present multiple points of view.
多個敍述者敍述的故事能呈現多種不同的思想內涵。
A first person narrator
第一角度敍述
Uses the pronoun "I" to tell the story, and can be either a major or minor character.
用第一人稱“我”來講述故事，敍述者可以是主要角色，也可以是次要角色。
It may be easier for a reader to relate to a story told in a first person account.
用第一人稱講述的故事更容易將讀者帶入其中。
A subjective narrator is generally unreliable.
一個主觀的敍述者往往是不可靠的。
Because he/she is in the story and can only speak to his/her experience within it.
因為他/她自身也是故事的一部分，只能以自己的經驗視域講述故事。
A second person narrator
第二角度敍述
Uses the pronoun "you" and is not used very often since it makes the reader a participant in the story (and you, as reader, may be reluctant to be in the action!).
用“你”這一人稱來講述故事。這種手法並不常用，因為如此一來，讀者也參與了故事（作為讀者，你可能並不願意參與故事的情節發展）。
A third person narrator
第三角度敍述
Uses the pronoun "he" or "she" and does not take part in the story and describes or interprets thoughts, feelings, motivations, of the characters. Details such as setting, scenes, and what was said is stronger with an objective observer.
用代詞“他”或者“她”敍述故事，並不參與故事的情節發展。客觀視角的敍述者是故事的觀察者，對所有角色的思想，感受，動機。在客觀敍述視角下，故事的情節背景，場景氛圍能表現的更加清晰。
An omniscient (omniscient = all knowing) narrator has access to all the actions and thoughts within fiction.
全知全能的敍述者知道故事中所有角色的行為和思想。
A limited narrator has a restricted view of events, and doesn't "know" the whole story.
限制視角的敍述者看待事件的視域收到限制，不能全局洞知整個故事。
Questions:
問題：
How much does the narrator know?
敍述者對故事瞭解到何種程度？
Does he or she know everything, including the thoughts, feelings, motivations, etc. or present just limited information? Do you (the reader) know more?
他是否洞知一切，包括所有角色的思想，感受，動機？抑或只是呈現有限的信息？作為讀者，你是否比敍述者更瞭解故事？
Time?
時間？
Do events take place "now" (verbs in the present tense)?
故事是“此刻”發生的嗎？（動詞時態為現在時)
Or in the past (verbs are in the past tense)?
還是“過去”發生的呢？
Are past recollections fresh, or distant, and maybe hazy?
對過去的回憶是清晰一如昨日，還是遙遠模糊，或是渺遠不可辨認？
Is the narrator a participant in, or a witness to, the action?
敍述者是故事情節的參與者，還是故事情節的見證者？
Is the story second-hand, related "as told to" the narrator?
故事是否是敍述者轉述的，即敍述者“聽説”的？
Think of yourself telling someone something that happened:
設想你自己正在向別人訴説這個故事：
How much of the event do you know, and how does that affect the story?
你對故事瞭解到何種程度？你對故事的瞭解對故事的發展有何影響？
Why is the story being told, and why now?
為什麼人們要訴説這個故事？為何是在此刻訴説？
What is the motivation?
人們講述故事的動機為何？
Character types in fiction
故事中的形象類型
Characters are the people of a story, or the opposing forces.
所謂形象，即故事中的人物，或故事矛盾的主體。
A protagonist or hero/heroine is the central character of the story.
主人公是故事的中心形象。
An antagonist is the counterpart to the protagonist.
反派主角即主角的對立角色。
Tension between the protagonist and antagonist creates the story.
故事的主體是主角和反派主角之間的矛盾衝突構建的。
Speech, thoughts, actions, appearance, desires, and relationships reveal characters, and each undergoes development and/or change as the story unfolds.
小説中的形象是通過他們的話語，思想，行動，外貌，渴望和關係建構的。隨着故事展開，每個角色都會成長或者蜕變。
