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【雅思口語】八大魔鬼話題之八:傳統

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雅思口語考試中很少直接問到關於“傳統”(tradition)的考題,但“傳統”之所以作爲八大魔鬼話題的最後一個出現在我們的備考清單上,其原因就在於該話題具備了三大特性:隱蔽、廣博、深度。首先,隱蔽是指涉及傳統的考題往往用其它話題來隱藏自己,或者換句話說,很多其它話題中會隱含有傳統的意味。舉例來說,關於history, culture, arts,甚至關於wedding, handicraft, food的話題中,都有可能藏有“modern vs. traditional”的對立。

【雅思口語】八大魔鬼話題之八:傳統

其次,廣博的意思是該話題涵蓋的領域極爲寬泛,無論是談論人物、描述事物、還是論證原因、闡述規律,tradition都是一個很活躍的展開點。比如要談論老年人(old people),那麼老年人具有的傳統觀念(traditional views)及固定思維模式(fixed mindsets)是一個必講的要點;再比如談論教育類的話題,傳統教育模式(traditional teaching methods)和遠程教育(distance learning)之間的差異和互補就是一個較好的切入點。

至於傳統類話題的深度,可以說是不言而喻的 — 沒有一定的詞彙根底、沒有駕馭複雜句型的能力、缺乏對社會現狀的思考,這樣的考生是很難把該話題說好的,不少人甚至都沒有想到傳統竟然可以作爲一種有效的答題思路。下面,將針對這三大特性進行一一列舉,給出真題實例及參考答案,並指出“傳統”在其中扮演的角色。

特性之一:隱蔽

先來看一道關於歷史的考題,是如何隱藏“傳統”的:

【真題實例】Why do you think people nowadays dislike visiting a historical site?

【答題思路】該題問的是爲什麼現在的人都不喜歡去參觀歷史古蹟。由於歷史古蹟本身就是一種文化遺產(cultural heritage),因此參觀歷史古蹟其實是對傳統的一種繼承形式。可以從兩方面找原因:一是現代科技的發展速度過快,導致人們產生“重科技、輕人文”的思維傾向;二是對歷史古蹟的保護力度不夠,其本身已經喪失了吸引力。

【參考答案】Well, that’s right. Less and less people nowadays are showing interest in visiting a historical site. I think one reason is that modern science and technology is developing with a faster pace than ever before. So many high-tech products and devices are available for modern consumers that they tend to think science and technology is what life is all about, and they tend to care less and less about the humanities, histories and traditions. Another important reason is to be found in historical sites themselves, which are being damaged or even ruined due to the lack of protection and preservation. For many young people like me, these places no longer hold any appeal.

很顯然,該回答把人們不愛去參觀歷史古蹟的原因歸結爲“科技發展 VS 人文傳統”的兩元對立。於是,在我們闡述原因的同時,就很巧妙地把隱藏在深處的humanities, histories and traditions推到了臺前,顯示出講話者的人文關懷。而在談到年輕人不再對歷史古蹟感興趣的時候,也折射出對於傳統文化漸漸式微的一種憂慮之心。

特性之二:廣博

“傳統”的廣博性既體現在一些較爲學術的考題中,也體現在許多生活類的題目裏面。請看下面一道關於人們閱讀習慣的問題:

【真題實例】Do you think people’s reading habits have changed in recent years?

【答題思路】此題考的是人們閱讀習慣有否變化。如果說不變,一定會演變成一個不知趣的回答;只有說變,才能正中考官的下懷!那麼“傳統”在這裏的作用是什麼呢?我們可以同樣考慮把傳統的閱讀習慣(比如讀書、看報)和現代的閱讀方式(比如瀏覽網絡新聞、看網絡小說)做一個今昔對比。

【參考答案】You bet they are! From my point of view, the most significant change is in the way people read. Thirty years ago, most people used to read newspapers and magazines and books as a lifetime habit because they didn’t have a TV or computer. But nowadays, few of us are doing this. Instead, we have got used to surfing the Internet for quick news and downloading mini-novels to our cell phones or iPods. In short, traditional reading habits are being replaced by modern ones that focus on speed and quantity rather than quality.

爲了闡明人們閱讀方式的改變,我們把30年前的讀書、看報、看雜誌和如今的網上新聞及手機迷你小說進行了鮮明的對比。(請大家特別關注其中used to和get used to的用法。)最後一句畫龍點睛式地指出傳統的閱讀習慣正在被取代,並一針見血批判了現代人只重速度和數量、而不重質量的閱讀習慣。類似的批判風格及批判話語可以用於很多其它考題,比如education, shopping, friendship等等。

特性之三:深度

深度的含義並不僅僅侷限於考題本身的深度或難度,它更在於我們如何把一道貌似平凡的考題的深度挖掘出來。以下這道其貌不揚的口語題目就是一個很好的例子:

【真題實例】What kind of skill do you think is the most important for young people?

【答題思路】考官這次問的是對於年輕人來說最重要的技能。這是一道很容易陷入俗套的考題 — 如果你甘願隨大流地去講什麼掌握電腦技能、學好外語、甚至學會開車等,就毫無新意可言,更不用說深度了。相反,如果你從傳統的角度入手,會很容易發現該題所蘊含的深度。

【參考答案】Young people today generally don’t have traditional social skills, which may include writing letters, giving a presentation and maintaining friendships. This is understandable because they have grown up in the so-called Information Age. But the importance of these skills can be seen in many aspects of our daily lives. For example, if you know how to give a powerful speech at a meeting or how to write a persuasive letter to your boss, your chances of getting promoted are much higher than those of your colleagues.

該回答徹底拋棄了俗不可耐的“現代必備技能”的窠臼,從傳統的角度另闢蹊徑,找到了traditional social skills(傳統社交技能)這一嶄新方向,併成功地開闢了writing letters, giving a presentation, maintaining friendships三條拓展道路。最後以兩個生活中的例子證明了這些技能對於現代年輕人的重要性。