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淺談英文合同的用詞特點及翻譯技巧

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隨着中外交流的深入,英文合同日益常見。文章簡要分析了合同英語在選用詞彙方面的特點,力求對商務英語的教學和學習有所裨益。

padding-bottom: 75%;">淺談英文合同的用詞特點及翻譯技巧

合同英語的用詞極其考究,具有特定性。要求選詞專業化(professional)、正式(formal)、準確(accurate)。具體體現在下列方面:

  1、May, shall, must ,may not (或shall not) 的使用

May, shall , must ,may not (或shall not)對學過英語的人再熟悉不過,但在合同中用這些詞時要極其謹慎。權利義務的約見定部分構成了合同的主體。這幾個詞如選用不當,可能會引起糾紛。

may 旨在約定當事人的權利(可以做什麼),Shall約定當事人的義務(應當做什麼時候), must 用於強制性義務(必須做什麼),may not (或shall not)用於禁止性義務(不得做什麼)。May do 不能說成can do shall do,不能說成should do 或ought to do,may not do 在美國一些法律文件可以用shall not,但絕不能用can not do或must not )

例如,在約定解決爭議的途徑時的,可以說:

The parties hereto shall, first of all, settle any dispute arising from or in connection with the contract by friendly negotiations. Should such negotiations fail, such dispute may be referred to the People's Court having jurisdiction on such dispute for settlement in the absence of any arbitration clause in the disputed contract or in default of agreement reached after such dispute occurs.

本句中的shall 和may表達準確。出現爭議後應當先行協商,所以採用了義務性“約定”,如果協商解決不了,作爲當事人的權利,用選擇性約定may也很妥當。如果may和 shall 調換位置會怎麼樣?前半句的shall換用may後,意思變成了當事人可以通過協商解決,意思上說得過去,但後半句的may換用shall 後,變成了應當訴訟解決,好象一出事,就要先見官,這就有些不友好了。

本句可譯:雙方首先應通過友好協商,解決因合同而發生的或與合同有關的爭議。如果協商未果,合同中又無仲裁條款約定或爭議發生後未就仲裁達成協方的,可將爭議提交有管轄權的人民法院解決。

  2、正式用語(formal term)

合同英語有着嚴肅的風格,與其它英語作品有很大不同。

例如:

“因爲”的短語多用“by virtue of ",遠遠多於“due to”一般不用“because of ”;

“財務年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”,而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”;

“在……之前”一般用“prior to”,而不用“before”;

“關於”常用“as regards”, “concerning”或“relating to”,而不會用“about”;

“事實上”用“in effect”,而不用“in fact”;

“開始”用“commencement”,而不用“start”或“begin”;

“停止做”用“cease to do”,而不用“stop to do”;

“何時開會並由某某主持”的表述爲:The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb. 其中“召開”不用“hold 或call”,而用“convene”;“主持”不用“chair”或“be in charge of ”,而用“preside”;

“其他事項”用“miscellaneous”, 而不用“other matters/events”;

“理解合同”用“construe a contract” 或“comprehend a contract”,而不用“understand a contract”;

“認爲”用“deem”,用“consider”少,不用“think”或“believe”;

“願意做”用“intend to do”或“desrie to do”,而不用“want to do”, “wish to do”。

合同用詞不以大衆是否理解和接受爲轉移,它是合同語言準確表達的保障。如合同出現的“瑕疵”、“救濟”、“不可抗力”、“管轄”、“損毀”、“滅失”等就可能讓非行業人士費解,在英語以上表達分別爲defect、remedy、force majuere/Act of God、jurisdiction、damage and/or loss)。另外幾乎每個合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as , whereas, in witness whereof, for and on behalf of , hereby, thereof 等虛詞。這也是合同英語的一大特色。

其它例子還有:

“賠償”用“indemnities”,而不用“compensation”

“不動產轉讓”用“conveyance”,而不用“trnasfer of real estate”

“房屋出租”用“tenancy”,而“財產出租”用“lease of property”

“停業”用“wind up a business”或“cease (名詞是cessation) a business”,而不用“end/stop a business”

專利許可中的“特許權使用費”只用“royalities”

還款或專利申請的“寬限期”英文“grace”,

“當事人在破產中的和解”用“composition”

以實物出資爲“investment in kind” “依照合同相關規定”一般說“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等,不說“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”

“合同任何一方當事人不得轉讓本合同”英文表述爲“Neither party hereto may assign this contract”,其中“hereto”表示“to the contract”,選用“Neither party to the contract”較少。

  3、同義詞、近義詞、相關詞的序列

FOR value RECEIVED,the undersigned does hereby sell, transfer, assign and set over to ______ all his right, tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated ______, 19____ by and between the undersigned and ______,a copy of which is annexed hereto.

在這裏的同義詞和近義詞並列(如sell, transfer, assign and set over,right和 tile and interest),在英文合同裏十分普遍。這是出於嚴謹和杜絕漏洞的考慮,有的也屬於合同用語的固定模式。如:

This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.句中“made and entered into”和“by and between”兩組分別屬於同義詞和相關詞並列。

For and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 句中“for and in consideration of ”, “covenants and agreements”三組同義司和近義詞並列。

The parties have agreed to vary the Management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein. 這裏的“on the terms”和“subject to the conditions”是一個意思都表示“依照本協議的條款規定”。合同條款的固定模式是“terms and conditions”

再例如:

“Party A wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the feective date”,一句中的“realease”和“discharge”意思幾乎相同。

並列的詞還有:

ships and vessels

support and maintenance

licenses and permits

charges, fees, costs and expenses

any and all

any duties, obligations or liabilities

the partners, their heirs, successors and assigns

control and management of the partnership

applicable laws, regulations, decrees, directives, and rules

  4、拉丁詞

在國外合同中,拉丁詞仍然是很常見:

比例稅率:用pro rate tax rate要比proportional tax rate多

從事慈善性服務的律師:pro bono lawyer,不怎麼用lawyer engaged in charitable legal assistance

委託代理人:多用agent ad litem

不可抗力:force majuere.