雅思閱讀之名詞性長句
雅思閱讀考試主要考查考生們定位所需信息，理解並且掌握的能力。爲了能夠準確定位，很多考生片面強調了詞彙的重要性，在備考雅思閱讀考試的過程中僅僅關注了詞彙量的提高，而忽略了語法的掌握和提高。下面是小編給大家帶來的雅思閱讀之名詞性長句，希望能幫到大家!
這樣在雅思閱讀考試中，考生們雖然能夠準確定位，卻由於語法方面的問題，在理解原文對應內容時出現差錯，本末倒置，主從句判斷錯誤，最終斷章取義，導致題目做錯。
其實瞭解雅思的人都知道，雅思閱讀考試中有很多長句，而考生如果語法方面有任何一點差錯，或者不擅長於長句短讀(迅速找出一個長句的主句即主謂賓/主系表)，都會在雅思閱讀考試中失利。因此考生們在備考的過程中，對於英語中的從句必須要有很好的掌握，而雅思閱讀考試中出現頻率的從句之一就是名詞性從句。
在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句 (noun clauses)。名詞性從句的功能相當於名詞詞組，它在複合句中能擔任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等，因此根據它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞性從句又可分別稱爲主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句、介詞賓語從句等。下面王玉梅專家就給考生們介紹一下這幾個名詞性從句及其在雅思閱讀中的應用。
主語從句
在複合句中用作主語的從句稱爲主語從句 (subject clause)。引導主語從句的關聯詞有從屬連詞、疑問代詞、疑問副詞、縮合連接代詞、縮合連接副詞等。如：
★ That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.
很明顯，她們的確是親姊妹，她們的臉型很相似。(關聯詞是從屬連詞that)
★ Who should be responsible for the senior citizens has been widely discussed in our community.
誰應該對老年人負責這個問題在社區裏被廣泛討論。(關聯詞是疑問代詞who)
★ Where we can dispose of the increasing rubbish is a great headache to many governments.
在哪兒處置日益增多的垃圾對很多政府而言是件頭痛的事。(關聯詞是疑問副詞where)
★ Whoever pollutes the environment should be punished.
不論誰污染環境都應該受到懲罰。(關聯詞是縮合連接代詞whoever)
★ Wherever you are is my home—my only home.
你所在的任何地方就是我的家——我的家。(關聯詞是縮合連接副詞wherever)
有時可以用it作爲形式主語，將真實主語從句置於句末。如：
1. It is probable that the nocturnal trades go way back in the ancestry of all mammals.
很可能這種夜間的謀生可以追溯至所有哺乳動物的祖先。
2. It should be no surprise then that among mathematicians and architects, left-handers tend to be more common and there are more left-handed males than females.
在數學家和建築學家中，左撇子更常見並且左撇子的男性比女性要多，這並不驚奇。
3. It is reported that millions of people die of water-related disease each year.
據報道每年有成千上百萬人死於和水有關的疾病。
表語從句
在複合句中用作表語的從句稱爲表語從句 (predictive clause)。引導表語從句的關聯詞有疑問代詞、疑問副詞、縮合連接代詞、從屬連詞等。如：
★ The problem is who they can rely on.
問題是他們能依賴誰呢。(關聯詞是疑問代詞who)
★ The question is how they have achieved this.
問題是他們是如何完成的。(關聯詞是疑問副詞how)
★ He looked just as he had looked ten years before.
他看起來還和十年前一樣。(關聯詞是從屬連詞as)
★ Indeed acting as a tourist is one of the defining characteristics of being ‘modern’ and the popular concept of tourism is that it is organized within particular places and occurs for regularized periods of time.
確實作爲一個遊客是“現代”的定義性特點之一，並且旅遊的普遍性觀念是它在某個特定地點組織並且發生於規律性的時間段。(關聯詞是從屬連詞that)
賓語從句
在複合句中用作賓語的從句稱爲賓語從句 (object clause)。引導賓語從句的關聯詞有從屬連詞、疑問代詞、疑問副詞、縮合連接代詞、縮合連接副詞等。如：
★ Animal right activists claim that animal tests are cruel, inhumane and unnecessary.
動物權益保護聲稱動物實驗很殘忍、沒人道和不必要。(關聯詞是從屬連詞that)
★ I know he has succeeded.
我知道他已經成功了。(在非正式文體中關聯詞that被省去)
★ It is hard to imagine what effects garbage will exert on our life.
很難想象垃圾將對我們的生活造成什麼影響。(關聯詞是疑問代詞what)
★ I will tell you why I came here.
我會告訴你我爲什麼來這兒。(關聯詞是疑問副詞why)
★ I would like to see where you live.
我想去看看你住的地方。(關聯詞是縮合連接副詞where)
賓語從句也可以用作介詞的賓語，如：
★ It is the major contributor to why so many young females commit crimes in recent years.
這就是爲什麼近年來許多年輕婦女犯罪的主要原因。
★ But the origins of what is now generally known as modern architecture can be traced back to social and technological changes of the 18th and 19th centuries.
現代建築學的起源可以追溯到18世紀和19世紀的社會和技術變化。
有時介詞可以被省去。如：
★ Nobody cares (for) what happened to the wildlife.
沒有人關心那些野生生物發生了什麼。
★ Be careful (as to) what he is doing.
你要注意他在做什麼。
有時候全句可以用it作爲形式主語，如：
★ He made it quite clear that he preferred reading to writing.
他很明確地說他更喜歡閱讀而不是寫作。
★ You may rely on it that they will help you.
你可以指望他們會幫助你。
雅思課外閱讀：蚊子爲什麼咬我不咬他?
Research reveals why some people are constantly under attack from the bloodsucking insects, while others walk free.
研究揭示了爲什麼有些人總是會受到吸血蟲蚊子的襲擊而有些人卻可以平安無事。
For those unfortunate enough to feature highly on the mosquito hit list, summer nights are synonymous with mosquito bites. Yet others hardly ever get bitten. So how do the bloodthirsty insects select their victims?
對那些很不幸被蚊子列爲叮咬對象的人們來說，夏夜就是蚊蟲叮咬的代名詞。而有些人卻從沒被蚊子叮咬過。那麼這些吸血蟲是如何選擇它們的受害對象的呢?
Scientists rubbed petri dishes against their stomachs. The mosquito season gives rise to countless speculations about possible solutions to the age-old mystery of mosquito preferences.
科學家們把培養皿自己的腹部進行擦拭。對於關於蚊子喜好的可能性解釋，蚊子的繁殖季節提供了無數的猜想。
The insects’ tastes may seem arbitrary. However, research reveals that when mosquitoes make their choice between potential victims, it all comes down to scent:
昆蟲的口味好像很隨意。然而研究顯示當蚊子要從潛在的受害者中選擇對象時，還是氣味起了決定作用。
Mosquitoes are attracted by carbon dioxide and heat, which everyone gives off. But mosquitoes are also attracted by certain -Martin Vagn Jensen. According to Jensen, it has not yet been established exactly what the scents in question are. But research does indicate that some scents are more attractive to mosquitoes than others.
“蚊子會被每個人都會散發出的二氧化碳和熱量所吸引，但蚊子也會被某些特定的氣味所吸引。” 丹麥阿爾胡斯大學農學部研究的負責人卡爾馬丁-威詹森說。根據他的說法，目前仍沒確定那些會吸引蚊子的氣味到底是哪些。但研究的確指出了有些氣味相比較其它氣味而言更會吸引蚊子。
“All the lab employees rubbed petri dishes against their stomachs. In that way, their scents were deposited on the dishes, which were then put in an enclosure full of mosquitoes,” he says.
“所有的實驗室人員都把培養皿在他們的腹部輕輕擦了擦。通過這種方式，他們的氣味就存儲在了培養皿裏，然後把培養皿放置在一個蚊子出沒的地方。”
“The mosquitoes repeatedly landed on some of the petri dishes, but didn’t go anywhere near the others. “
“蚊子會反覆地停留在某些培養皿上，卻不會飛到附近其它的培養皿上。”
Vitamin B does not scare off mosquitoes. The experiment is one of several to squash one of the many myths concerning the unfortunate art of mosquito attraction.
維他命B並不能嚇走蚊子。這個實驗也戳穿了諸多關於吸引蚊子的“倒黴學問” 迷信。
While some believe that it is in fact sour blood that keeps the insects at bay, or that the mosquitoes can detect blood disease, others are convinced that vitamin B provides protection against mosquitoes.
有些研究人員認爲血液的酸性環境讓蚊蟲無法存活，或是蚊子可以檢測血液疾病，而另一些人相信維他命B提供了免於蚊蟲叮咬的保護。
However, there is no indication that any of these theories are correct, says Jensen: “There is no truth to that. The theory about vitamin B has been tested very, very thoroughly, and it doesn’t hold.”
然而，沒有證據表明這些理論都是正確的。詹森說：“關於這一點還沒有任何存在的事實。關於維他命B的理論已經反反覆覆經過了論證，但這種說法似乎站不住腳。”
Perhaps taking inspiration from popular fiction, there are also those who swear by garlic as an excellent repellent against the winged bloodsuckers. According to the researcher, though unsubstantiated, this strategy may not be entirely fruitless:
也許可以從流行小說裏得到一些啓發，也有些人宣稱大蒜是一種可以用來對付蚊子很好的防蟲劑。據研究人員透露，儘管還未經證實，但這種方法也並非完全無效：
“As far as I know, there is no scientific proof that eating garlic works. But there may be something to the theory that it’s possible to mask your scent with garlic,” he says.
“就我所知，目前沒有科學依據證明吃大蒜會有效預防蚊蟲叮咬。但在理論上它也許是行得通的，可以用大蒜來掩蓋你的氣味。”詹森說。
The only reliable method of protection against mosquitoes is to use one of the effective repellents that are sold over the counter. Mosquito repellent contains some smells that confuse the mosquitoes. The first thing a mosquito does when looking for prey is to see if there are any animals or people in the vicinity.
唯一有效的免於蚊蟲叮咬的方法是使用在櫃檯處買來的對付蚊蟲的強效防蚊劑。防蚊劑包含了一些讓蚊子產生混淆的氣味。蚊子尋找獵物要做的第一件事是查看附近有沒有動物和人。
“When the mosquito comes closer, it uses smell, heat and carbon dioxide to decide whether to bite. But if it is confused by a repellent, it will never get that far,” says Jensen. However, even repellents do not provide complete protection against the persistent insects.
“當蚊子靠近時，它會根據氣味、熱量和二氧化碳來決定是不是要叮咬。但如果它被防蟲劑弄迷糊了，它不會輕率行動。”詹森說。然而，即使是防蟲劑也沒有爲人們提供保護，讓我們完全免於蚊蟲頻繁襲擊。
“Repellents reduce the number of bites by as much as 70 percent. That’s all well and good, but you’ll still get bitten once in a while.”
“防蟲劑可以減少蚊蟲的叮咬次數，最多能降低70%。這樣的效果也算很不錯了，但你仍會時不時地被咬上一口。”
