託福閱讀句子簡化題深度解析
句子簡化題是託福閱讀中不可忽視的一類題型，它考察學生對長難句的理解和同義替換能力的掌握，而這些技能在學生未來的海外求學生涯中都極爲重要。下面我們就以真題爲例，給大家深入解析一下句子簡化題的應對策略，希望有助於各位的託福閱讀備考。
託福閱讀句子簡化題深度解析
對於句子簡化題，有一些題目如果句子不長，我們做題的基本原則就是：同義替換。
找到原句中的關鍵的詞在選項當中進行同義替換。例如In evolutionary history, the development of language set humans apart fromthe rest of the animal kingdom.
Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Humans evolved as the most powerful species after they are developed language.
B. The creation of human language has its origins in the language of animals.
C. The emergence of language distinguished early humans from other animals.
D. Humans and animals developed completed different systems of communication.
先來看題幹：Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
該題要求從選項中選擇一個能夠表達原文陰影句子核心信息的句子。很多同學採用翻譯的方法做題，即首先翻譯原句，然後逐個翻譯四個選項。這種做法不僅浪費時間，而且對我們的讀句子的能力要求極高。更好的做法是，首先判斷句子的核心信息。這是考題當中爲數不多的原句比較簡單的句子釋義題，原句的核心概念在於強調區分(apart from)。因此找到同義替換，即是C項當中的distinguished。但是大多數題目的原文不會是一個簡單句，多數是帶有邏輯關係的複雜句。那麼簡單的同義替換技巧就無法操作了。如何快速解決這種題型呢?我們主要分兩個部分來解析。
其實，我們在讀原句的時候並不需要完整的徹底的攝取信息，相反，我們通過快速瀏覽，只需要關注兩個關鍵點：一是原句當中的表示程度，頻率的詞，二是原句當中的邏輯關係。並不需要吸收所有信息，只需要快速瀏覽將所關注的信息點抓住即可，這樣便節省了大量的時間。
The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.
Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.
B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth.
C. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.
D. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.
解題思路：
句子中最核心的信息首先就是該句的邏輯關係。原句的邏輯關係可以由result from 來判斷，爲因果關係。藉此我們就可以縮小選項範圍，首先排除掉C,D選項。剩下的A,B兩個選項均包含因果的邏輯關係。接下來我們可以根據句子的第二種核心信息：主語，來判斷。原句的主語是Desertification沙漠化，而B項的主語是Slowing down the process of desertification減緩沙漠化進程。所以排除掉B選項，A爲正確答案。
將通過程度詞解題和藉助邏輯關係解題結合起來，對於解答帶有邏輯關係的複雜句的釋義題很有幫助。我們看一下下面這道題目：
It is one of the most important sensations because it is translated into a negative reaction, such as withdrawal from danger.
Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A. Escaping from danger is a negative reaction, but it is the most important thing an individual learns.
B. The ability to sense pain is extremely important because pain signals the body to respond to a threat.
C. Experiencing pain is one type of reaction to a negative stimulus; another type is avoiding danger.
D. We experience a lot of sensations, and the most important ones are translated into appropriate actions.
瀏覽原句，從because可以看出邏輯關係爲因果關係，並且原句當中有絕對化詞彙most。僅僅憑藉most這個程度很強的詞彙我們可以排除C選項。因爲原文當中帶有絕對化詞彙而選項中沒有，那麼這個選項爲必錯選項。接下來利用邏輯關係排除A項，A中爲轉折關係。而B恰恰有because 這個詞，此外B中的extremely可以作爲most的同義替換。正確答案爲B。
幾乎每一篇文章後面都會有一道釋義題，因此考生應加強練習。平時在閱讀文章，或者報刊雜誌的時候不僅僅要把注意力放在讀懂原文上，還應該注意原文的邏輯關係，培養根據邏輯關係思考的習慣。另外，一些程度詞的存在也會影響我們對原文的精確理解，平時閱讀的時候應當多加關注。
託福詞彙之10種著名小吃的英語說法
羊肉泡饃
01. Flatbread in mutton soup (yangrou paomo) – Yangrou paomo is the most iconic [標誌性的] dish in the Xi’an foodscape. The ritual [例行公事] before eating a paomo – tearing the bread into small pieces yourself before letting the chef turn it into a stew [燉的食物] – is as enjoyable as the dish itself.
帶有湯汁的飯菜通常用in + 湯汁這個公式來表達，如紅燒肉就是diced pork stewed in brown sauce。
肉夾饃
02. Xi’an meat burger (roujiamo) – Roujiamo is the city’s favorite burger. A delicious roujiamo is composed of [由……組成] two key elements – juicy shredded [切成碎片的] braised pork [燉豬肉] and a crispy baked bread.
肉夾饃其實是饃夾肉__但不管怎樣，肉夾饃和西方的漢堡包很類似，只不過肉夾饃用的是餅，漢堡包用的是麪包。順便說一下，驢肉火燒可以翻譯爲donkey burger。
涼皮
03. Cold noodles (liangpi) – Rice noodles are cooked, cooled and thinly sliced. The noodles are often served in a sauce made of chili oil [辣椒油], pepper powder, vinegar and diced garlic [切成丁的大蒜]. Then it’s garnished with [配有] bean sprouts [豆芽] and sliced cucumber [黃瓜].
提到noodle的時候，通常都是複數noodles，因爲我們不可能就吃一根吧!方便麪叫instant noodles。
biangbiang面
04. Biangbiang noodles – commonly described as resembling a belt, biangbiang noodles are wide, thick and long. One string of noodles can easily fill you up.
酸湯水餃
05. Hot and sour soup dumpling (suantang shuijiao) – Who can resist a bowl of dumplings swimming in hot and sour soup with sesame seeds [芝麻], minced leek [蔥花] and cilantro [香菜]? Suantang shuijiao is flavorful and refreshing with a lingering (and pleasant) aftertaste [回味無窮].
湯圓一般翻譯爲sweet dumpling，如果要告訴外國人餃子和湯圓的區別，恐怕得進一步解釋一下。
粉蒸肉
06. Steamed beef and wheat powder (fenzhengrou) – This unassuming-looking [其貌不揚的] dish packs 23 herbs, spices and seasonings into one serving and requires seven hours to cook.
饅頭可以翻譯爲steamed bun，包子就是有餡的饅頭，可以說成steamed stuffed bun，但有些地方包子饅頭都用steamed bun。
串兒
07. Kabob (chuan’er) – coated with chili [辣椒] and cumin [孜然] powder, it’s a highly addictive [使人上癮的] midnight snack for Xi’an residents. It’s not unusual for locals to order 100 of them in one go.
穿肉串的籤子叫skewer。
石榴汁兒
08. Pomegranate juice – Pomegranates are a local specialty product. Pomegranate juice stands pop up around town every fall.
我中學大學的時候會說的水果很少，撐死5個：apple, banana, pear, orange, grape。有一天我去菜市場，立志要把所有常見水果的英文說法學會。
甑糕
09. Glutinous rice and date cake (zenggao) – Cooked overnight in a zeng – a traditional earthen utensil [泥做的器皿] – most vendors [商販] only prepare one batch [一爐] of zenggao (glutinous rice [糯米] and date [棗子] layered cake) a day.
glutinous rice也可以簡單說成sticky rice。我們傳統的英語課堂上通常是不會教這些詞彙的，因爲考試不考，看到人名地名，老師也會跳過(基本不會教人名地名的發音)，因爲考試不考，這就導致我們中的絕大多數出了學校就像從來沒有學過英語一樣，因爲只會用排除法做選擇題。凡是我們經常看到的，聽到的，想到的，都應該設法用英語說出來，這樣纔會有成就感，纔不會覺得枯燥，纔不會放棄!
湯包
10. Soup dumpling (tangbao) – Shanghai’s xiaolongbao? Wrong. It is Xi’an’s own version of soup dumplings. Instead of pork, tangbao in Xi’an is mutton meat and soup packed into a paper-thin wrapper.
這裏把湯包翻譯爲soup dumpling其實也可以理解，因爲湯包和餃子也沒有絕對的區別。總之，中文和英文是兩種截然不同的語言，詞彙不可能完全對應，需要我們不斷揣摩和體會，這也許就是語言的魅力吧。加油!
託福詞彙之"雨夾雪"用英語怎麼說?
首先，“雨夾雪”是sleet，MacMillan English Dictionary – American對它的解釋是：
1. a mixture of snow and rain
2. if it is sleeting, sleet is falling from the sky
也就是說，sleet既可以作名詞，又可以作動詞，作動詞時是“下雨夾雪”的意思。
其實，部分以字母組合sl-開頭的單詞與“滑”有關，如：
1. sleet 雨夾雪-導致地面溼滑。
2. sleek 光滑而有光澤。如sleek black hair就是洗髮水廣告中經常出現的“烏黑順滑的頭髮”。
3. sleigh 雪橇-雪橇是用來滑的。著名聖誕歌曲Jingle Bells裏有一句歌詞是Oh what fun it is to ride in a one-horse open sleigh。
4. slide 滑動;滑梯。sliding door是滑動門，也就是開關的時候是往左右兩側滑動的門，與轉動的合頁門對應。
5. slip 滑(倒)
6. slippery 溼滑的;狡猾的。Caution Slippery Floor(小心地滑)在很多公共場所可見。
7. slippers 拖鞋-後跟拖着在地上滑動，發出嚓嚓的響聲。拖鞋是一雙，所以要用複數slippers。
8. slope 斜坡;斜面-東西放上去容易往下滑。還記得物理課上的斜面嗎?上面放一個長方體，問斜面與地面的夾角大於多少度時長方體會往下滑動。
託福詞彙之"老司機"用英語怎麼說?
林丹出軌事件繼續發酵升溫。據某媒體爆料，林丹居然是出軌“老司機”。今天我們來看看“老司機”用英語怎麼說。
林丹曾經拍攝的一則公益廣告，前幾天被網友“挖墳”了。
廣告詞“人生不能越界，底線必須堅守”，慘遭打臉。
林丹到底是不是老司機不重要，我們今天來討論一下“老司機”到底怎麼翻譯。
“老司機”的直譯是experienced driver，也就是說，這裏的“老”並不一定指年紀大，而是“有經驗的”。中文裏的“老”意思很多，“老鼠”、“老外”中的“老”跟年紀也不相關。
【例】He is a very experienced driver who has worked with us for 13 years. 他是一名經驗豐富的司機，和我們工作了13年了。
但是，如今網絡上流行的“老司機”跟司機其實沒有什麼關係了，百度是這樣解釋的(憤青們，其實百度解釋中文還是比較精確的，別噴)：“老司機，網絡名詞。意爲行業老手，對各種規則、內容以及技術、玩法經驗老道的人。”也就是說，“老司機”並不非得是泡妞專家或情場老手，只要在一個行業混得比較久的經驗比較豐富的人，都可以叫“老司機”，相當於“老手”或“老江湖”。
其實非常巧，英文中正好有一個詞叫old hand和中文的“老手”精確對應，當然也可以對應“老司機”。Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner's Dictionary 5th Edition是這樣解釋old hand的：If someone is an old hand at something, they are very skilled at it because they have been doing it for a long time。
【例】An old hand at photography, Tim has been shooting wildlife as a hobby for the last 13 years. 提姆是一名資深的攝影師，他的愛好是拍攝野生動物，這一愛好已經持續了13年。
(來源：Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner's Dictionary 5th Edition)
既然詞典說了veteran是old hand的同義詞，那麼“老司機”還可以說成veteran。既然詞典又說了novice是old hand的反義詞，那麼novice就對應於我們常說的“菜鳥”。
總結一下：
old hand/ veteran /ˋv?t?r?n/ 老司機
novice /ˋnɑv?s/ 菜鳥
