奧巴馬簽署制裁令應對網絡威脅
Barack Obama has declared cyber threats from abroad a “national emergency”, as he took action to impose sanctions on overseas actors engaging in cyber attacks that threaten the US’s national security or economic health.
The US president’s executive order gives his government new powers to target significant cyber threats that affect critical infrastructure, disrupt the availability of websites or networks, or steal trade secrets or financial information, such as large troves of credit card data.
美國總統的行政命令賦予其政府新的權力，打擊那些影響了關鍵基礎設施、擾亂網站或網絡的可用性、竊取商業機密或財務信息（比如大量信用卡數據）的嚴重網絡威脅。US officials declined to name Potential targets of the new sanctions but said, as an example, that the executive order could be used against individual hackers hired by companies or countries.
美國官員不願指明新制裁的可能目標，但表示舉例來說，該行政命令可被用於打擊受公司或國家僱傭的個體黑客。
The US has already ratcheted up its response to cyber breaches, imposing additional sanctions in January on agencies and officials in North Korea, which it blamed for the breach at Sony Pictures Entertainment last year. In May 2014, it indicted five Chinese soldiers for hacking into six US companies.
美國已經逐步加大了針對網絡侵入的迴應力度，今年1月美國向朝鮮的機構和官員施加額外製裁，指責他們要對去年索尼影視娛樂(Sony Pictures Entertainment)受到的網絡攻擊負責。2014年5月，美國對5名中國軍人提出刑事罪名，稱其非法侵入6家美國公司的計算機系統。It is unclear whether the new authority will be used in cases that could raise political tensions, such as sanctions against Chinese officials.
目前還不清楚這項新的權力會不會被用於可能引發政治緊張的情況，比如對中國官員施加制裁。The new authority closes gaps that have posed a challenge to US law enforcement, such as cyber threats from countries that do not have extradition treaties with the US, lack strong cyber security laws or turn a blind eye to such attacks.
這項新的權力彌補了對美國執法部門構成挑戰的空白，比如網絡威脅的發源地國家與美國沒有引渡條約，缺乏強有力的網絡安全法律，或者對此類攻擊視而不見。The US hopes the executive order will encourage other countries to consider such sanctions, said Michael Daniel, special assistant to the president and cyber security co-ordinator. Potential punishments include freezing assets under US jurisdiction, such as bank accounts, and prohibiting US citizens or entities from engaging in transactions with those under sanctions.
美國總統特別助理兼網絡安全協調員邁克爾•丹尼爾(Michael Daniel)表示，美國希望這項行政命令將鼓勵其他國家考慮此類制裁。可能的懲罰包括凍結在美國管轄範圍的資產，如銀行賬戶，以及禁止美國公民或實體與受制裁目標進行交易。A spate of devastating cyber breaches at JPMorgan Chase, Target, health insurer Anthem and others has prompted the Obama administration to encourage more information sharing on cyber threats between government agencies and with the private sector.
摩根大通(JPMorgan Chase)、Target公司、醫療保險公司Anthem等企業接連遭到的破壞性網絡攻擊，促使奧巴馬政府鼓勵政府機構與私營部門分享更多網絡威脅信息。Legislation that would encourage such exchanges is again being considered in Congress. Similar bills have stalled in the past because of privacy concerns but lawmakers are hoping recent hack attacks will give new momentum to the proposals.
美國國會正再次考慮關於鼓勵此類信息交流的立法。出於隱私擔憂，過去類似法案曾不了了之，但立法者們希望近期的網絡攻擊將給予相關提案新的動力。“Cyber threats pose one of the most serious economic and national security challenges to the United States, and my administration is pursuing a comprehensive strategy to confront them,” Mr Obama said in a statement.
奧巴馬在一份聲明中表示：“網絡威脅對美國經濟和國家安全構成最嚴重的挑戰之一，我的政府正在推行一項綜合策略來應對這些威脅。”Dmitri Alperovitch, co-founder of cyber security firm CrowdStrike, said he was optimistic the new sanctions would “raise the cost to our cyber adversaries and establish a more effective deterrent framework to punish actors”.
網絡安全公司CrowdStrike的聯合創始人德米特里•阿爾佩羅維奇(Dmitri Alperovitch)表示，他看好新的制裁措施，它們將“增加我們的網絡對手的成本，建立一個更有效的威懾框架來懲罰那些行爲主體。”
