北京拆除打工子弟學校疏解人口壓力
Thousands of China’s children could be out of school this autumn as Beijing begins demolishing some of the city’s largest migrant schools.
隨着北京市開始拆除市內一些大型打工子弟學校，今年秋天可能會有成千上萬中國兒童面臨失學。The demolitions come as Beijing authorities look to push out migrant workers and rein in the city’s population — a citywide “urban rectification” campaign that involves tearing down small businesses and homes.
此次拆除行動的背景是北京市政府希望疏散外來務工人員，控制北京市人口。在一場在全市展開的“城市整治”行動中，一些小店和住房被拆除。The campaign, which began earlier this year, has spread to Beijing’s urban fringes, where schools for migrant children face an uncertain future.
這場始於今年早些時候的行動已蔓延至北京的城市邊緣，位於那裏的打工子弟學校面臨着充滿變數的未來。
“We have hundreds of students already signed up for next year,” said Jia Yusheng, managing principal of Zhiquan School in north Beijing, which educates 700 migrant students. “If we are torn down, where do they go? We are doing all we can to look for another location.”
位於北京市北部的智泉學校(Zhiquan School)的教師姜雨聲表示：“我們有數百名學生已經註冊了下一學年。如果我校被拆除，他們去哪兒？我們正竭盡全力尋找別的地方。”目前有700名打工子弟在智泉學校就讀。Beijing’s population has ballooned from 10.1m long-term residents in 2000 to 21.7m in 2016, according to census data. At least 8m of those residents lack the coveted Beijing hukou, or household registration, which entitles them to public services such as education.
人口普查數據顯示，北京市常住人口已從2000年的約1010萬猛增至2016年的約2170萬，其中至少有800萬人沒有令人垂涎的北京戶口。有北京戶口才有資格享有教育等公共服務。As a result, privately run schools — only some of which are licensed — have sprung up in Beijing’s outskirts to teach the city’s millions of migrant children. Regulatory crackdowns over the past decade have left about 100 still standing, down from several hundred.
其結果是，北京郊區涌現大量民辦學校、爲這座城市數百萬打工子弟提供教育，但其中僅有部分學校擁有辦學許可證。經過過去十年的監管整頓，數百所打工子弟學校現在僅剩100所左右。These surviving migrant schools are now imperilled by Beijing’s depopulation drive. This year Beijing’s municipal government revealed plans to cap the city’s long-term population at 23m people by 2020 and move out non-essential administrative and university facilities to nearby provinces.
北京市疏散人口的行動如今危及到了這些倖存的打工子弟學校。今年北京市政府公佈計劃，到2020年時要把常住人口控制在2300萬，並把非必要的行政單位和大學遷出到臨近省份。The depopulation initiative has particularly affected migrants. Beijing has begun the process of hiring thousands of police to check the identification papers of migrant workers.
這一疏散人口計劃對外來務工人員的影響尤其大。北京市已啓動了招收數千名警察檢查外來務工人員身份證件的工作。Small businesses, which generate 35 per cent of the city’s income and often employ workers from outside of Beijing, have been disproportionately shuttered in the urban rectification campaign. Residential areas where many migrant workers rent have been deemed “shantytowns” and torn down.
在這場城市整治行動中，小商戶被關閉的比例格外的高。小商戶貢獻了這座城市收入的35%，且常常僱傭外來人口。許多外來務工人員租住的住宅區被認爲是“棚戶區”並遭到拆除。“Migrant schools are unfortunately just one fragment that has been swept away by this whole depopulation wave,” said Wei Jiayu, a research director at New Citizens Group, a Beijing-based education non-profit group.
位於北京的非營利教育項目“新公民計劃”的總幹事魏佳羽表示：“很遺憾，打工子弟學校只是被這波人口疏散浪潮沖走的一塊碎片。”Seven other migrant schools contacted by the Financial Times had been demolished or were facing demolition.
英國《金融時報》聯繫的另外7所打工子弟學校或者已被拆除，或者面臨被拆除的命運。
“I am not going to look for another place. The school is done,” said the principal of a school in western Beijing that was recently demolished. “After 18 years, we have run into a dead end.”
北京市西部一所近期被拆除的學校的校長表示：“我不打算去找別的校址。學校已經完了。經過了18年，我們已走入了死衚衕。”In recent years, Beijing has tightened the requirements for migrant parents who wish to enrol their children in local public schools. For the thousands of students who may not have a school to return to in the autumn, they must choose between leaving Beijing or stop attending school.
近年來，北京市收緊了對那些希望子女被本地公立學校招收的外來務工人員的要求。對成千上萬今年秋天可能無校可返的學生來說，他們必須在離開北京和輟學之間做出選擇。The Zhiquan School holds a licence to operate but the entire neighbourhood around the school was deemed an illegal settlement eligible for demolition. To speed up the demolitions, local authorities cut off the power and water to residents on Tuesday.
智泉學校雖擁有辦學許可證，但該校所在的整個社區被視爲非法定居點，符合拆除規定。爲加快拆除進程，週二當地有關部門切斷了那裏居民的供水供電。Mr Jia and his colleagues bought an independent power generator in response but authorities indicated they would tow it away.
爲應對這種情況，姜雨聲和同事買了一臺發電機，但有關部門表示他們會把發電機拖走。“Let them climb over the wall if they want to take our generator!” said Qin Jijie, the school’s head principal. Yet other schools have already quietly folded.
智泉學校校長秦繼傑說：“他們想拿走我們的發電機就讓他們翻牆過來拿吧！”不過，其他學校已悄無聲息地關門了。
