三月中國看兩會 讓夢想照入現實

Turning two sessions proposals into reality can be a long but rewarding process, report He Na and Peng Yining in four years, He Youlin, an educator and deputy to the National People's Congress, repeatedly proposed the relaxation of China's family planning ough the proposal was rejected on several occasions, he continued to raise the issue andeventually achieved his goal."I just did what an NPC deputy should do, but I received more support and trust than I everexpected," he the two sessions, the annual meetings of the NPC and the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, open this week, such proposals have come under the spotlight once again.

讓兩會的提案照入現實的過程雖然漫長，但定會收穫豐碩的果實。（何娜、彭奕寧於北京報道）教育工作者賀優琳是一名人大代表。整整四年了，每次的人大會議上，他都大力提議放開計劃生育政策。雖然他的提案屢次遭拒，但是這份不變的堅持終於促成了國家“單獨二孩”政策的出臺。他說：“我只不過是做了人大代表應做的事。我所得到的巨大的支持和信任，真的是遠遠超出了我的預期。”而在今年兩會上，類似的提案又一次成爲了公衆矚目的焦點。人大會議作爲最高國家權力機關，掌握着國家重大問題決定權。很多涉及到包括計劃生育、勞動教養及醫療安全在內的國家政策方面的改革，最初都是由人大代表們提出的。在過去的十年裏，來自人大代表們的提議和建議已經成爲一股重要力量，推動着中國政治和經濟的變革與發展。賀優琳現任廣東省中山市孫中山紀念中學校長，他說：“讓一項提案成爲現實，絕不是一件能一蹴而就的易事。”在賀優琳宣傳放開計劃生育政策的頭兩年，幾乎沒有得到任何其他人大代表的支持。那時，他的聲音是孤獨的。

Reform of various aspects of national policy, including family planning, re-education through labor, and medical security, was originally proposed by members of China's largest decision-making ng the past decade, suggestions and recommendations from deputies have become the driving force behind China's political and economic , principal of Sun Yat-sen Memorial Middle School in Zhongshan, Guangdong province, said turning a proposal into reality isn't an easy or straightforward the first two years of the campaign, his was a lone voice among the proposal failed to attract the attention of government departments, and he didn't receive areply. At one point, he was approached with a suggestion that he should shelve his proposal tosave time for more worthwhile endeavors."Of course, I didn't give up because I knew my proposal was based on facts. I learned about the struggles people faced and the real problems caused by the strict family planning policy during the past three decades. Also, the people I had interviewed were waiting for good news," He said. "The situation improved in the following two years when the National Health and Family Planning Commission dispatched staff to meet me and explain its point of view."He's tireless efforts and perseverance, in tandem with a small number of NPC deputies andmembers of the CPPCC, paid off. In November, the CPC leadership decided to relax the familyplanning policy nationwide. The reform stated that if one member of a couple is an only child,they will be allowed to have a second child."I consider the committee's change of attitude to be a huge step forward. I'll continue to handin family planning-related proposals this year, because although the policy has been relaxed, inmy opinion the moves don't go far enough. I will call for all limits on the size of families to bethe removed to help relieve the rising problem of labor shortages," He family planning proposal isn't his only success. Some of his other proposals have alsobeen adopted, such as greater financial input in elementary education."I am a deputy from the grassroots, so what I say during the two sessions should represent the people, so their voices can be heard. The road to seeing a printed proposal become areality is a bumpy one, but I will continue to travel it. It's rewarding to see people's livesimproving and to know that I have played a part in that improvement," he said.

當時，他的提案總是得不到政府部門的重視與迴應。甚至一度還有人建議他暫時擱置計劃，騰出時間來做其他更有意義的提案。“我當然沒放棄，因爲我知道我的提案是有理有據的。我很瞭解在過去三十年中，嚴格的計劃生育政策給人們的生活帶來的困難和問題。還有那些之前我做調查時採訪過的人，他們一直都等着我的好消息呢。”賀優琳說，“不過我努力的後兩年情況改善了不少，因爲國家衛生計生委開始派人同我見面，並且向我解釋他們對此事的看法。”在賀優琳的帶動下，一小部分大代表和政協委員也開始支持他的提案，終於，他們不倦的努力與堅持有了回報。去年11月，國家決定在全國範圍內放開計劃生育政策，實行“單獨二孩”政策，這意味着，只要夫妻雙方一人爲獨生子女，即可生二胎。“我覺得衛生計生委對我的提案的態度轉變是一步巨大的飛躍。今年的兩會，我將會繼續遞交有關進一步放開計劃生育政策的提案書，因爲在我看來，雖然目前的政策已經有了鬆動，但放開力度還並不夠。我會進一步說明，在當今勞動力短缺問題日益嚴重的情況下，因計劃生育所減少的這部分人口將從哪些方面限制社會發展。”然而，計劃生育政策的放開並不是賀優琳的唯一值得驕傲的成果，他的其他一些提案也被採納，比如，要求國家向小學教育注入更多資金。他說：“我是一名來自普通大衆的人大代表，所以我在兩會上的發言，一定要代表老百姓的心聲，這樣，政府才能聽見他們的訴求。把一紙提案變成實實在在的現實將是一段崎嶇的旅程，但我會繼續前行。看到人們的生活改善了，知道自己曾經爲這改善做出了貢獻，一切就都是值得的。”

Xie Chuntao, a professor at the Party School of the CPC Central Committee, said the motions proposed by NPC deputies and CPPCC members have an obvious effect on the development of social progress and improvements in people's said deputies and members devote alot of time and energy every year to visiting people to collect suggestions for proposals and become fully conversant with the problems they face. Once a deputy's round of visits has been concluded, they conduct research and consult the data to compose practical reports that will ensure extensive discussion of hot issues during the two formulated, the proposals are sent to the relevant government departments, which are obliged to reply to the deputies and members within a certain period."Proposals from deputies are the best way of lodging an appeal," said Sun Chunlong, founding director of the Longyue Charity Foundation, one of China's leading advocates of improved welfare for Kuomintang veterans of World War said his efforts to incorporate all surviving KMT veterans into China's social welfare network were in vain until he found an NPC deputy who was willing to propose the issue at the two sessions. "I tried everything, including sending letters to the government and making appeals via the media, but nothing worked," Sun said."Then an NPC deputy from Hong Kong read my story on Sina Weibo (China's Twitter-like social networking site) and said he wanted to help."

中共中央黨校教授謝春濤認爲，人大代表和政協委員提出的議案，對於促進社會進步、增進人民福祉有顯著作用。謝春濤說，人大代表和政協委員每年會投入很多的時間和精力與羣衆接觸、交談，爲提案收集意見和建議，因此他們往往對很多社會問題了解深刻。在與羣衆交流之後，他們會通過調查研究、數據採集，撰寫實踐性很強的提案，用於兩會期間深入地討論這些社會熱點問題。”提案撰寫完成後需要遞送至相關的政府部門，他們將會在規定的時間內對人大代表或者政協委員的提案給出回覆。“人大代表的提案是提出上訴的最好的辦法。”龍越慈善基金會理事長孫春龍說。他是在中國爲國民黨抗戰老兵謀求社會保障和福利的領頭人。孫春龍說，他旨在將中國所有健在的國民黨抗戰老兵納入社會保障的努力之前一直沒有任何結果。他說：“我試了很多種方法，包括給政府寫信，或者通過媒體上訴，不過這些方法都沒有成功。”不過後來，在找到一位支持他的人大代表後，情況有了改變。這名代表願意在兩會上幫他提出這個議案。“後來，一位來自香港的人大代表在新浪微博看到了我的事，說他願意幫我。”孫春龍說。在孫春龍的協助下，香港的鉅商王明剛以人大代表的身份，起草了一份議案，並於2013年的兩會遞交。議案通過了！四個月後，民政部宣佈，將原國民黨抗戰老兵納入社會保障範圍，雖然放在從前，這是老兵們所享受不到的權利。

With Sun's help, Wang Mingang, a business tycoon and NPC deputy, drafted a proposal and presented it at the two sessions in 2013. The proposal was adopted and four months later, the Ministry of Civil Affairs announced that all surviving KMT veterans of World War II would beincorporated in the social welfare network, something that had been denied them before."Deputies have more power and influence than the average person and grassroots organizations," Sun said. His proposal gained widespread attention and at least five other deputies indicated their support by shelving similar motions. "When more deputies participate,the possibility of change increases," he use the new regulation is still thin on details, including the exact monthly allowance to be paid to each veteran, Sun will continue to lobby for amendments. "I will fly to Beijing during the two sessions and try to talk to more deputies about the issue," he year, 99.8 percent of the 5,403 proposals submitted by CPPCC members garnered replies from the related government departments, according to a report published at a CPPCC meeting in February. While 24.2 percent of the proposals have been adopted, 61.7 percent are awaiting further processing. When proposals are not adopted, the departments have to explainthe decision to the deputies rding to the NPC secretariat, the quality of the proposals from the 2,987 NPC deputies ishigh. With its relevance to and influence on all the major social aspects of daily life, including people's livelihoods and measures to eliminate corruption, the proposal system has bolstered the powers of the ensure that the opinions of different ethnic groups are heard, each of the country's 55 ethnic groups has at least one representative at the meetings. There are 409 deputies from these groups, accounting for 13.69 percent of the total number of delegates, while female deputies account for 23.4 percent and workers and peasants for 13.42 percent. Male Han Chinese representatives account for the remainder.

孫春龍說：“相比普通老百姓或者是基層組織，人大代表有更大的權力和影響力。”有了人大代表的幫助，他的提案獲得了廣泛的關注，至少又有五名代表向他表示，他們願意暫時擱置其他類似的提案全力支持他的這個。對此，他說：“參與的人大代表越多，改革的可能性就越大。”由於目前的政策尚且粗糙，很多細節問題沒有來得及處理，這就包括，給每名老兵的月津貼數額等等。宋春龍表示，他將繼續努力，爭取實現政策的完善。他說：“今年兩會時，我會飛到北京去試着跟更多的人大代表談談這個問題。”今年二月，一次政協會議發佈報告顯示：去年，在政協委員提交的共5403份議案中，99.8%的議案獲得了有關政府部門的回覆；這當中，又有24.2%的議案獲得了通過，61.7%的議案等待進一步的處理。一旦議案未獲通過，政府部門需要向該委員解釋原因。全國人大常委會委員長表示，人大代表提供的2971份議案的質量都很高，對社會生活的方方面面都有涉及或影響。從改善人名生活水平到消除腐敗現象，這些議案十分有利地加強了人大的力量和作用。爲確保來自少數民族的意見也能夠順利傳達，全國55個少數族，每民族至少有一人作爲人大代表出席會議。今年的兩會，少數民族有409個，佔到了總代表數的13.69%；女性代表佔到了總數的23.4%；來自一線的工人、農民佔到總數的13.42%。

Celebrity deputies

“明星”代表與“草根”代表

"We need to admit that some people question the effect of the deputies and members' involvement in the management of the country," said Xie from the Party school. "I think that's because a large number of people are unfamiliar with the way the NPC and CPPCC , some of the media reports on the sessions focus heavily on celebrity deputies andmembers. That results in the voices of grassroots deputies and members not being heard."Moreover, a very small number of deputies and members use the sessions for their own ends, according to Xie, who urged greater supervision of the deputies and members to ensure that they have correctly discharged their duties. He said the number of deputies and members fromthe grassroots should , the middle school president, agreed, saying: "Some deputies are only interested in theirown ambitions and problems, not those of the people. I know a NPC deputy who is the chairman of a business. Instead of handing in proposals about hot social issues, he mainlypromotes and talksabout his business and its products during the meetings."Chen Gong, a CPPCC member from Beijing, said she collects more than 200 opinions everyyear as a member of the Beijing Dongcheng district committee of the China National Democratic Construction Association, a group mainly composed of people from the world said all the issues people raise with her, ranging from drain-cover management to foreign policy initiatives, will be sent to the relevant government departments. In her experience, 30 to 50 percent of them are noted or adopted every year, such as her 2012 proposal about the development of Beijing's culture industry, which was adopted and overseen directly by said she spends a lot of time talking with those she represents and conducting research before drafting each proposal."I know that my proposals can make a real difference, and so I have to be responsible forthem," she said. "I am a representative of the people, and speaking on their behalf is what I do."

“我們要承認，的確有一些人質疑人大代表和政協委員在國家管理當中的參與度和他們所發揮的作用。”中共中央黨校教授謝春濤說，“我認爲這會因爲有相當一部分人不熟悉人大和政協的工作方式。而且，一些關於兩會的媒體報道把“明星”人大代表和政協委員當成了焦點，因而無法展示來自基層的代表和委員訴求的傳遞。”另外，謝春濤說，不排除有少數人大代表和政協委員在利用兩會爲自己謀求利益，因此，這就意味着代表和委員們也需要接受監督，確保他們正確履行職責。他還表示，來自應當提高來自基層的代表和委員的數量。人大代表、中學校長賀優琳表示同意，他說：“一些代表關心的只是他們自己的利益訴求，不是人民羣衆的。我知道一個人大代表，他是一家公司的總裁。他的議案不是關於社會熱點，反而在會議上爲他的企業和產品做宣傳。”陳工是來自北京的一名政協委員，她說，作爲中國民主建工會（主要構成人員來自商業界）北京市東城區的一員，自己每年都會收集200多條羣衆意見和建議。陳工說，人們向她提出的所有問題，不管是地下井蓋的管理，還是對於外交政策的提議，她都會提交給相關的政府部門。以她的經驗，每年有30%-50%的建議會被認可或採納。2012年，她遞交的關於北京文化產業發展的提案就被政府接受了，並由市長親自監管實施。陳工說，她花了很時間同她所能代表的人們交談，而且，在遞交每份提案之前，都做了研究調查。“我知道，我的這些提案對於改變社會問題有很大的作用，所以我一定要對它們負責。”她說，“我是人民的代表，替人民說話是我的職責。”