10個魅力無窮的城堡和宮殿(上)
Potala Palace: Tibet's greatest monumental structure
1.布達拉宮：西藏最大的紀念性建築
Perched upon Marpo Ri hill, 130 meters above the Lhasa valley, the Potala Palace rises a further 170 meters and is the greatest monumental structure in all of Tibet. In 637 Emperor Songtsen Gampo decided to build this palace on a hill, and the structure stood until the seventeenth century, when it was incorporated into the foundations of the greater buildings still standing today. Construction of the present palace began in 1645 during the reign of the fifth Dalai Lama and by 1648 the Potrang Karpo, or White Palace, was completed. The Potrang Marpo, or Red Palace, was added between 1690 and 1694; its construction required the labors of more than 7000 workers and 1500 artists and craftsman. The Potala Palace was only slightly damaged during the Tibetan uprising against the invading Chinese in 1959. Unlike most other Tibetan religious structures, it was not sacked by the Red Guards during the 1960s and 1970s. As a result, all the chapels and their artifacts are very well preserved.
在高出拉薩河谷130米的瑪布山上，坐落着170米高的布達拉宮，它是全西藏最大的紀念性建築。公元637年，吐蕃王朝藏王松贊干布決定將這座宮殿建在山上。直到17世紀，這座歷盡滄桑仍屹立不倒的宮殿得到擴建，終成今日之規模。1645年五世達賴在位期間，布達拉宮開工重建。白宮部分於1648年完工；紅宮部分的擴建始於1690年，竣工於1694年，整個工程徵用了7000多名工人和1500多位工匠。因不滿中國人民解放軍進駐西藏，1959年西藏爆發了武裝叛亂。在這場叛亂中，布達拉宮僅受輕微損壞。20世紀60至70年代，在文革時期紅衛兵的洗劫下，西藏大部分宗教建築均遭到破壞，唯有布達拉宮倖免於難，宮內所有殿堂和文物均保存完好。Saint-Michel: a Medieval Castle on a Small Island
2.聖米歇爾山城堡：一座小島上的中世紀城堡
Mont St Michel France is situated on a quasi-island on the Normandy coast, near Brittany, which at high tide is almost entirely separated from the mainland. Only a narrow causeway, constructed in the 1880s preserves a link to the coast. Beware: the tide comes in quickly - many tourists have drowned attempting to cross the sandy bay. Unlike other castles in France, which began as defensive structures or pleasure palaces, Mont St Michel had its beginnings as a monastery. Today, the Castle attracts over four million visitors a year, far more than most castles in France and has been featured in numerous movies, cartoons, and even videogames.
在毗鄰法國布列塔尼地區的諾曼底沿海，聖米歇爾山城堡坐落在一座似島非島的山上，漲潮時纔會形成孤島。僅有一條19世紀80年代修築的狹窄堤道與海岸相連。需要注意的是，該地漲潮迅猛，許多打算穿過這片灘塗的遊客均因陷入流沙不能自拔而溺斃。在法國，其他城堡要麼用來作爲防禦工事，要麼用於享樂，而聖米歇爾山城堡最初是一座修道院。如今，它每年會吸引逾四百萬遊客，遠超法國大多數城堡的遊客數量，還頻頻出現在很多電影、動畫和遊戲中。jamski Castle: Integrated in a Cave
3.帕瑞德亞姆斯基城堡：山洞城堡
Every castle in the world is unique in some way, no two are the same, but this one —even though it's rather small and humble compared to some— is probably the only one in the world who is integrated in a cave, precisely the second largest cave system in Slovenia. Its name, Predjamski Grad, literally means "Castle in Front of the Cave."
世界上每座城堡都是獨一無二的，不過相比之下，這座小型城堡雖然簡約，但它可能是世界上唯一一座山洞中的城堡，準確地說是斯洛文尼亞第二大洞穴系統。它就是帕瑞德亞姆斯基城堡，字面含義爲“洞穴城堡”。The castle wasn't built in one go; first written records exist from 13th century, though the first part (left wing) was probably built in the first half of 12th century. Middle part was added in renaissance, and the right wing was build around 1570. Some things were added and changed later, but since 1990 renovation work is in progress, restoring it to the original 16th century look.
該城堡的建立並非一氣呵成，關於它的文字記錄最早出現在13世紀，城堡的第一部分（左翼）建於12世紀中葉，中間部分建於文藝復興時期，右翼大約建於1570年。後來又經歷了增建和改造，直到1990年，政府開始對城堡進行翻新，以使其恢復到16世紀的面貌。chwanstein Castle: the Classic Fairytale's Castle
4.新天鵝堡：經典童話城堡
The most famous of three royal palaces built for Louis II of Bavaria, sometimes referred to as Mad King Ludwig, the Neuschwanstein it's a royal palace in the Bavarian Alps of Germany. egun in 1869 and left unfinished at Louis's death in 1886, the castle is the embodiment of 19th century romanticism. In a fantastical imitation of a medieval castle, Neuschwanstein is set with towers and spires and is spectacularly sited on a high point over the Pullat River gorge.
巴伐利亞國王路易二世，又稱“瘋王路德維希”，在他的三座行宮中，最負盛名的要屬位於德國境內巴伐利亞阿爾卑斯山麓的新天鵝堡。這座體現了19世紀浪漫主義的城堡始建於1869年，但直到1886年國王離世時仍未竣工。壯觀的新天鵝堡坐落在普拉特峽谷的山頂上，高聳的尖塔錯落有致，洋溢着中世紀城堡的氣息。The construction of the castle was carried out according to a well thought-out plan. The castle was equipped with all kinds of technical conveniences which were very modern, if not to say revolutionary at that time. Running water on all floors. There were toilets equipped with automatic flushing on every floor. A warm air heating system for the entire building. American tourists are already familiar with Neuschwanstein; the sleeping beauty Castle in DisneyLand, was modeled on it.
城堡的建設獨具匠心，所投入的技術都非常現代化，在當時可謂標新立異。每層樓都配備了供水裝置及自動沖水廁所，整座城堡也設有熱風供熱系統。美國遊客對新天鵝堡應該非常熟悉了，迪士尼樂園的睡美人城堡就是依照它仿建的。umoto Castle: Japan's most fascinating castle
5.松本城：日本最迷人的城堡
Matsumoto Castle, locally known as Matsumotojo, is one of the most complete and beautiful among Japan's original castles. It is also a good example of a so called "hirajiro", a castle built on the plain rather than on a hill or mountain. Matsumotojo's castle tower and smaller, second turret were built from 1592 to 1614 and were both well defended, as peace was not yet fully secured at the time. In 1635, when no more military threats existed, a third, barely defended turret for moon viewing was added to the castle.
松本城是日本諸多古堡中保存最完好也是最美的城堡，當地稱它爲“松本”。和依丘陵而建或依高山而建的城池不同，松本城坐落在平原地區，是一座典型的平城。該城的主塔樓和規模較小的第二塔樓建於1592年至1614年，當時戰火不斷，塔樓的修建起到了極佳的防禦作用。軍事威脅解除後，1635年修建了第三座非防禦性塔樓用於賞月。
