5種怪誕邏輯誤區：你一定也中過槍
1. Straw Man Fallacy
1. 稻草人理論
It is very frustrating to have your thoughts summed up and attacked. It’s especially maddening when someone misunderstands your beliefs, describes them all wrong, and then attacks your position! This distortion of a belief is called a straw man tactic. Here is an example of the straw man tactic in reaction to the proposal to require school uniforms:
令人抓狂的是有人錯誤總結了你的觀點來攻擊你的言論，更令人抓狂的是竟然有人誤解你的意思，歪曲你的想法來攻擊你！這種扭曲觀點做法就被稱爲稻草人理論。下面這個例子是針對學校要求統一服裝的迴應。
Our school board wants us to start wearing uniforms, so they want us all to give up our individuality. They expect us to become a mindless throng of obedient children who are not able to express their individuality in any way.
學校董事會希望我們穿校服，這樣我們就會放棄自己的個性。他們希望我們成爲一羣唯唯諾諾的孩子，不能自由地表達自己的個性。
Obviously, this would not be the desire of any member of a school board, and it is certainly a view that can be opposed by any feeling human. It is a false and unfair representation of the school board’s intentions.
很顯然，這不是任何一位董事的想法，這個理論也顯然可以被任何一個有思想的人駁倒。這樣解釋董事會的意圖是錯誤的，也是不公平的。
2. Hasty Generalization
2.草率結論
A hasty generalization is a conclusion that is based on few examples. Here are a few that have been used in research papers:
草率結論是指例證不足就下的結論。下面是一則研究報告中出現的草率結論：
Elderly people are bad drivers.
老年人駕車技術都不好。
Be careful not to draw conclusions in your own research after you've seen a few individual pieces of evidence.
要注意在自己的研究過程中不要僅僅依靠個別例子就草率下結論。
（tip：要避免這種錯誤，可以加一個程度副詞，比如mosly等等。上句話可改爲：Elderly people are mostly bad drivers.）
3. Slippery Slope
3. 滑坡謬誤
The slippery slope fallacy occurs when we get carried away and start making claims that one event will lead to another--when those claims are not necessarily accurate. Here is a conclusion that doesn't add up:
滑坡謬誤指我們開始洋洋灑灑地寫作，一個斷言推出另一個斷言，但這些斷言並非十分準確。下面就是一個不合理的結論：
If we let students use their cell phone calculators during tests, they'll start cheating by using other apps to find the answers. Then no one will ever learn anything. Everyone will fail.
如果我們讓學生在考試中使用手機上的計算器，他們就會用其他的手機應用找答案作弊。那麼沒有人能真正學到知識，所有人都會不及格。
4. Red Herring
4. 轉移視聽
A red herring is a tactic used to change the subject when we feel we're in hot water. You may recognize the red herring as a tactic you've used on your own parents.
轉移視聽是我們感到自己深陷麻煩使用於轉移話題的一個方式。你可能會承認對父母用過這一招。
"You are late. Your curfew was thirty minutes ago."
“你遲了，半個小時前可就該到家了。”
"I know, but there was big fire in a factory across town. It's lucky that nobody was hurt."
“我知道，但是市區那端的工廠着大火了。沒有人傷亡真是不幸中的萬幸。”
In the exchange above, the teen is trying to distract the parent from the issue at hand by diverting his or her attention. This tactic of changing the subject is common in a debate scenario, when one presenter feels trapped or challenged. It can be an easy but costly maneuver.
上面這段對話中，孩子試圖把父母的注意力從手邊的事上轉移開。這種轉移主題的策略常用於辯論賽，當一方覺得陷入麻煩，或被質疑，這種方式雖然有代價卻簡單易行。
5. The Bandwagon Fallacy
5. 從衆思想
There is a certain sense of security we feel by being a part of a group. If you've ever agreed with a stance because it is the popular one, you have been taken in by the bandwagon effect!
與一羣人想法一致顯然會給人一種安全感。但如果你同意某種立場僅僅是因爲它被人們普遍接受，那麼你就受了從衆思想這種邏輯謬誤的影響。
The most prestigious schools use school uniforms, so we should adopt that policy, as well.
最有名氣的學校都有校服，所以我們也應採取這種做法。
