since的用法說明
since的用法主要有兩點:一是表示“自從……以來”,二是表示“既然”之意。但如果只瞭解詞的含義,而不瞭解其用法,在使用時就會造成錯誤。例如:I have not heard from him since I lived in Shanghai. 不少人會望文生義,將該句譯爲:“自從我住在上海以來,就再也沒有收到他的信了。”而實際上這個句子的譯文並非如此,那麼正確的含義是什麼呢? 下面小編就爲大家詳細介紹下since的用法說明,希望對大家有用。 since的用法說明如下: 下面談談since作連詞引導時間狀語從句的用法。 一、若since引導的狀語從句的謂語動詞是終止性的過去時,則從句表示的時間是“從動作開始的那一時刻起”。如: He has studied very hard since he came to our school.自從他來到我們學校,他學習就非常努力。 We have been missing them since they left here自從他們離開這裏,我們就一直很想念他們。 這是最常見的一種用法,此處不再多述。 二、若since引導的狀語從句的謂語動詞是持續性動詞或表示狀態的動詞的過去時時,則從句表示的時間是“從那持續動作或狀態結束時算起”。如: I haven’t heard any noise since I slept. Sleep 爲持續性動詞,sleep的動作結束時,即“醒來”時,這句應譯爲“我醒後還未聽到任何聲音”。 John is now with his parents in New York, it is already three years since he was a teacher約翰現在和父母一起住在紐約,他不當教師已經三年了。 本文開始出現的那個句子就可以譯爲“自從我離開上海,就再也沒有收到他的信。”這種譯法常被人們誤用,我們不妨再多舉幾個例子看看: How long is it since you lived in Shanghai?你離開(沒住在)上海多久了? It is half a month since he was a League member.他退團(不當團員)半個月了。 It’s been quite some time since I was last in London我離開倫敦已很長時間了。 比較:He has written to me frequently since I was ill.自從我病癒以來,他屢次給我寫信。(從句謂語爲狀態動詞) He has written to me frequently since I fell ill.自從我生病以來,他就屢次給我寫信。(從句謂語爲終止性動詞) 三、若since引導的狀語從句的謂語爲持續性動詞的現在完成時,則表示動作和狀態延續到現在(說話時刻),其表示的時間的起點應從動作發生之時算起。如: I haven’t heard from him since he has lived there。 這裏has lived表示動作的持續性,時間的起點應從:“開始居住”時算起。因此此句可理解爲“自從他(開始)住在那兒起,我就一直沒收到他的來信”。 Since we have owned a car, we have gone camping every year。自從我們自己有了汽車,我們每年都去野營。 試比較:1. Since I’ve been at this school, we have had three headmasters.自從我到這所學校,我們已換了三個校長了。 Since I was at this school, they have had three headmasters.自從我離開這所學校,他們已換了三個校長了。 has never been to see me since I have been ill. 自從我生病以來,他從未來看過我。 He has never been to see me since I was ill. 自從我病癒以來,他從未來看過我。 由此可見,since引導的從句持續動詞的一般過去時和現在完成時所表示的意思恰好相反。換言之,一般過去時持續動詞以肯定的語法形式反映着否定的邏輯內容,而現在完成時的形式與內容是一致的。 至於It is +一段時間+since…的句型與It has been +一段時間+since…意思相同。前者是規範說法,後者是口語說法。 應注意的是,在這種結構中,since引導的從句絕對不能用否定式的謂語動詞來表示否定意義,下面兩句都錯了: It is a long time since he didn’t study English. It’s two months since you didn’t come to see me. 正確的說法爲: It’s a long time since he studied English 他好久沒學英語了。 You haven’t come to see me for two months. 你有兩個月沒來看我了。 1) since +過去一個時間點 (如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點、1980, last month, half past six)。 I have been here since 1989. 2) since +一段時間+ ago I have been here since five months ago. 3) since +從句 Great changes have taken place since you left. Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here. 4) It is +一段時間+ since從句 It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. since是一個用法極活躍的詞, 也是高考中的重點考查詞彙, 現就其用法歸納如下: 一、用作介詞, 意思是“從……以來, 自從”, 常與完成時連用。 I haven’t written home since Christmas. 自聖誕節以來, 我未曾寫信回家。 二、用作副詞,意思是“從那時以後(一直到現在)”, “其後(到現在之間)”; ever since從那以後一直 (更加強調since的用法)。 Things have not changed very much since. 從那時起, 情況並沒有太大的改變。 His first book was a great success and he has been famous as a writer ever since. 他的第一本書非常暢銷, 從那時起他就成了一位名作家。 He got a job with the firm in 1970 and has worked there ever since. 他從1970年開始在那家公司任職, 之後就一直在那裏工作。 三、用作連詞 1. 引導原因狀語從句,相當於now that,意思是“因爲……,既然……, 鑑於……”。 Since the rain has stopped,let’s go for a walk. 既然雨停了,我們出去散散步吧。 Since we are young,we shouldn’t be too afraid of making mistakes. 因爲我們還年輕,所以不應該太害怕犯錯誤。 注意:since表示原因時, 語氣比because弱, 表示的原因是對方已知的,或是句中不很重要的部分, 是附帶的原因, 因此引導的從句不是信息的焦點, 不能回答why的提問, 也不能用在強調句型中作爲被強調的內容。since引導的從句往往放在主句之前。 2. 引導時間狀語從句,此用法較複雜。 (1) 若since引導的狀語從句的謂語動詞是終止性動詞(如go,come,leave, start, begin等)的過去時, 則從句表示的時間是“從該動作開始的那一時刻起”。這是最常見的一種用法。如: He has studied very hard since he came to our school. 自從來到我們學校,他學習就非常努力。 Great changes have taken place in our school since you left. 自從你離開這裏,我們學校發生了很大的變化。 (2) 若since引導的狀語從句的謂語動詞是持續性動詞或表示狀態的靜態動詞(如live, stay, study, learn, smoke, be等)的過去時,則從句表示的時間是“從該動作或狀態的完成或結束時算起”。如: I haven’t heard from him since he lived here. 這句話應譯爲:從他不住這兒起,我一直沒有收到他的信。 I haven’t eaten snakes since I was a student at school. was表示狀態,因此該句可理解爲:I haven’t eaten snakes since I left school. 自從我畢業後就一直沒吃過蛇。 試比較: He has written to me frequently since I was ill. 自從我病癒以來,他經常給我寫信。(從句謂語爲狀態動詞) He has written to me frequently since I fell ill. 自從我生病以來,他經常給我寫信。(從句謂語爲終止性動詞) (3) 若since引導的狀語從句的謂語爲持續性動詞或靜態動詞的現在完成時,則表示動作和狀態延續到現在(說話時刻),其表示的時間的起點應從動作發生之時算起。如: He has written to me frequently since I have been ill. 這裏have been ill表示狀態的持續性,時間的起點應從:“開始生病”時算起。因此此句可理解爲:“自從我生病以來,他經常給我寫信。” 試比較: I’ve written her 20 letters since I have been here. 自從我來到這,我已經給她寫了20封信。(從開始算起) I’ve written her 20 letters since I was here. 自從我離開這兒,我已經給她寫了20封信。(從結束算起) (4) It is + 段時間 + since... / It has been + 段時間 + since...表示“從……起已有多長時間了”。兩句型意思相同,前者是規範說法,後者是口語說法。 用法:since從句中常用一般過去時,若從句中是持續性動詞的一般過去時, 則表示該動作結束有多長時間了。如: It is three years since he smoked. 他不吸菸已有3年了。 試比較: It is three years since he began to smoke. It is three years since he has smoked. 兩句均意爲:他吸菸已有3年了。 注意:在這種結構中, since引導的從句絕對不能用否定式的謂語動詞來表示否定意義, 試比較: 他好久沒學漢語了。 誤:It is a long time since be didn’t study Chinese. 正:It’s a long time since he studied Chinese. (studied爲持續性動詞,應從其動作結束時算起)