雅思閱讀中破折號的作用

大家在雅思閱讀中遇到破折號，是不是對它的作用也摸不着頭腦呢？下面小編和大家分享一下雅思閱讀中破折號的作用。

　雅思閱讀中的破折號有什麼作用嗎?

閱讀文章當中破折號主要有兩個個作用。破折號寫法上共有兩種，一種爲兩個破折號搭配使用，兩破折號中間部分爲細節即—……—，而第二種情況爲—…….的情況。針對這兩種寫法，在語義上共有兩種作用。

(1) 專有名詞。若破折號後內容是對破折號前單詞的解釋說明，則要求破折號前的單詞爲有實際意義的名詞。

(2) 插入語。若破折號前爲非實際意義的詞彙，如sometimes，and等詞，則破折號後內容爲插入語，用於引出下文內容或加入附加信息。如劍五The birth of scientific English中，首先闡述compass的發明，後鏈接and —may be the most important—， 在此寫法中，破折號前and 爲非實際意義的連接詞，破折號中間指明下文爲最重要的發明，從而引出天文學發展。

請問老師，雅思閱讀中破折號“-”的用法有哪些，在C8-Test1P3中35題答案的破折號不是很理解

破折號表對之前內容的解釋或進一步描述。原句的意思是：這些可能性即包括“感覺泄露”——即與圖片有關的線索意外地傳給了接收者——也包括徹底的欺詐

　　搞定這些特殊符號，雅思閱讀你就贏了一半

搞定這些特殊符號，雅思閱讀你就贏了一半!衆所周知，雅思閱讀多數題目考查，原文段落中一些重要的細節，比如舉例或者段落的分論點。

許多考生爲此困擾不已，覺得定位困難，找不到出題的句子，越來越多的考生髮現題目中曾經的“原詞”定位大法不再適用，更多題目會替換掉這些題目中的”定位詞”，讓定位出題句變得頭痛。

在經過一段時間的觀察後，我發現這樣的現象除了一貫的“不審清題目”、“不讀懂題目的idea”、和“盲目亂撞”。

考生們往往忽視了，原文的重要“信號”，—特殊標點符號，這些符號包括常見的破折號、引號，和相對少一些的冒號、括號和問號(設問)。

然而，這些符號恰恰有很好的提示性，出現的句子往往出題，下面以破折號和引號爲例，展示下他們的強大。

loped most probably as a defense againstforest fires, the bark of the cork oak has a particular cellular structure —with about 40 million cells per cubic centimeter — that technology has neversucceeded in replicating.

這句話破折號起到句中停頓作用，補充解釋"a particular cellular

structure"，去掉這個補充成分，此句要說明的是軟木作爲木材有抵禦森林火災的天然優勢，而人類技術從未能企及。對應地，後面的判斷題目scientists have developed a synthetic cork

with the same cellular structure as natural cork.(Question 2) 題目說“科學家已經研發出合成軟木，跟天然橡木有相同的纖維質地(也就是防火的特點)”，顯然題目與原文矛盾，判定爲false。

the bark is stripped on a day when it's toocold — in when the air is damp— the tree will be damaged.

此句說“如果在寒冷或潮溼的日子裏剝樹皮，樹會遭損傷”，通過"if"可以看出是講“條件”，對應到後面一判斷題：Cork bark should be stripped indry atmospheric conditions.(Question 4)

此題就在講剖樹皮的條件，顯然乾燥與“潮溼”(damp)矛盾，判定false. 這裏有個小插曲，有的童鞋不認識damp一詞，恐怕只好通過語境猜詞義，前面說cold，搭配一起是“寒冷乾燥”還是“陰冷潮溼”，這裏就得想想出題的是英國人，恐怕他們字典裏很難找“寒冷乾燥”吧，於是這是潮溼的意思。

The Montreal study

Participants, who were recruited for the studythrough advertisements, had their brain activity monitored while listening totheir favorite music. It was noted that the music stimulated the brain'sneurons to release a substance called 27 _______ in two of the parts of thebrain which are associated with feeling 28________.

Researchers also observed that the neurons in thearea of the brain called the 29_______ were particularly active just before theparticipants' favourite moments in the music - the period known as the30_______. Activity in this part of the brain is associated with theexpectation of 'reward' stimuli such as 31_______.

這組考題可謂把標點符號用到極致，從空格考點來看，五道題目有三題明顯考術語(往往有引號)，而最後一空前“reward”作爲術語可以容易定位到。如此，在利用標題定位段落後，找到一兩段話中的術語，題目就迎刃而解。具體來看，空格27考一種物質(化學物質名稱，早在劍橋4裏就已經出現過類似考察)substance往往就指hemical。 空格29考的是大腦區域的名稱，空格4考的是“時間段或階段'名稱，空格31考察舉例名稱，但給出有引號的術語來定位。

原文The first thing they discovered is that musictriggers the production of dopamine — a chemical with a key role in setting people'smoods— by the neurons(nerve cells) in both the dorsal and ventral regions ofthe brain.

此處對應的是空格27 主要的提示信號仍是破折號，起到補充解釋'dopamine'的作用，於是此處答案即使'dopamine'。What is rather more significant is the finding thatthe dopamine neurons in the caudate — a region of the brain involved inlearning stimulus— response associations, and in anticipating food and other'reward' stimulus — were at their most active around 15 seconds before theparticipants' favorite moments in the music.

此句中破折號再次起到信號作用解釋'caudate' 是大腦中的一個區域，於是空格29答案便是這個詞，而另一處破折號前出現空格31的定位詞'reward' stimulus，於是它對應的舉例就是空格5'food'。The researchers call this 'anticipatory phase' andargue that the purpose of this activity is to help us predict the arrival ofour favorite part.

緊接着一句中提到的這一術語正是空格30 的答案，如果詞彙量充分，也很容易理解'anticipate'本來就與'predict' 和'before'對應到，'phase'指時期或階段，可以對應'period'。總結：此類標點符號的運用在幾乎所有文章裏都有體現，建議考生們不要忽視。除了題目中關鍵詞的把握，其實瞭解出題句常見位置和提示信號也是必要的答題技巧。

　　雅思閱讀速讀八大技巧 拿走不謝

雅思閱讀速讀技巧1：因果關係，看果

在文章當中，“因爲”引導的內容，往往是一段陳述或鋪墊，“所以”引導的內容，纔是結論和總結。所以速覽時，我們可以暫且把“原因”的部分略過，先看“結果”的部分，從而減省把握文章重點的時間。

引出“原因”的常用表達：because, because of, as a result of, result of, due to, thanks to, owing to, since, for, grateful for等，如：

“Since employees have different needs, what acts as a reinforcement for one may not for another.”

(劍橋雅思真題6, Test 3, Reading Passage 2)

“Since”所在的前半句是原因，關鍵看後半句的結果(結論)。

引出“結果”的常用表達：so, therefore, hence, thus, result in, lead to, consequently, as a result等，如：

“Such findings suggest that one person’s equity is another’s inequity, so an ideal should probably weigh different inputs and outcomes according to employee group.”

(劍橋雅思真題6, Test 3, Reading Passage 2) ：重點看“so”所在的後半句;

“Speech is often unclear and ambiguous. Where possible, therefore, the recording has to be supplemented by the observer’s written comments on the non-verbal behaviours of the participants, and about the context in general.”

(劍橋雅思真題4, Test 3, Reading Passage 3)：重點看“therefore”所在的第二句。

雅思閱讀速讀技巧2：轉折關係，看但是!

“讓步”的內容再豪華，都敵不過一個“但是”。這個道理很顯淺，就不多作解釋了。而快速瀏覽文章時，我們就可以暫且只看“轉折”部分的內容。反之，遇到“讓步”的內容，我們則可暫時忽略不看。

(1)常見表“轉折”的說法

常見表“轉折”的說法還有：but，however，nevertheless，yet，nonetheless等，如：

“Down the centuries, thousands of wells were constructed throughout northwestern India, but the majority have now fallen into disuse…”

(劍橋雅思真題10, Test 1, Reading Passage 1) ：無論前面說了什麼，也改變不了“the majority (of wells)”被棄用的現實。重點顯然在轉折詞“but”之後。

(2)引導“讓步”的常用說法

引導“讓步”的常用說法有：whereas，although，though，while，whereas，despite，in spite of，for all等，如：

“Where as most exercises are designed to build up strength or endurance, plyometrics focuses on increasing power – the rate at which an athlete can expend energy.”

(劍橋雅思真題4, Test 4, Reading Passage 1) “whereas”所在的半句爲讓步狀語從句，重點看另一個半句(轉折的內容)。

雅思閱讀速讀技巧3：遞進關係，看後句

所謂遞進，即前後保持一致意見的情況下，後者在態度和語氣上更進一步。故，讀懂後者，即可得知前者。速覽文章時，重點先讀遞進後面的內容。

常見表達“遞進”的說法有：furthermore，moreover，not only…but also…，in addition等，如：

“The psychiatrists felt that ‘most subjects would not go beyond 150 volts’ and they further anticipated that only four per cent would go up to 300 volts. Furthermore, they thought that only a lunatic fringe of about one in 1,000 would give the highest shock of 450 volts. ”

(劍橋雅思真題5, Test 1, Reading Passage 2) 即便不讀前面的句子，光靠“Furthermore”後面遞進的內容也可知，精神病學家預測：會執行高伏電擊的人是少之又少的。

雅思閱讀速讀技巧4：關注承上啓下，找關鍵句

承上： 以“代詞”或“所以”爲開頭的段落首句，一般都是承接或總結上一段話的內容。藉助這樣的句子，可以得知上一段話的內容重點。如：

“代詞”開頭：

“These research findings are exciting. There is growing evidence in New Zealand that…”

(劍橋雅思真題5, Test 3, Reading Passage 1) 這是文中最後一段的開頭。

從首句的代詞“These”可知，首句是對上一段內容的承接，並可知上一段講述的是一些“exciting research findings”。

“所以”開頭：

“Thus ageing and death should not be seen as inevitable, particularly as the organism possesses many mechanisms for repair. It is not, in principle, necessary for a biological system…”

(劍橋雅思真題8, Test 3, Reading Passage 3) 從段落首句的“Thus”可知，首句是對上一段內容的承接，而並非本段內容的重點。

啓下：“問句”和“量詞+複數詞”通常是引出下文，通過它們能瞭解所在段落或緊隨其後的段落的內容重點。如：

“問句”： “What were the actual results? (藉此問句可知本段的重點是“actual results”)Well, over 60 per cent of the teacher-subjects continued to obey Milgram up to the 450-volt limit in repetitions of the experiment in other countries, the percentage of obedient teacher-subjects was even higher, reaching 85 per cent in one country. How can we possibly account for this vast discrepancy between what calm, rational, knowledgeable people predict in the comfort of their study and what pressured, flustered, but cooperative ‘teachers’ actually do in the laboratory of real life?

(最後的問句揭示，後面段落的重點內容是解釋“this vast discrepancy”的原因)” (劍橋雅思真題5, Test 1, Reading Passage 2)

“量詞+複數詞”：“Yet opinion polls suggest that many people nurture the belief that environmental standards are declining and four factors seem to cause this disjunction between perception and reality.”

(劍橋雅思真題5, Test 1, Reading Passage 3) “four factors”告訴我們，接下來的段落中，重點應該是關於這四種因素的描述。

雅思閱讀速讀技巧5：重視“what”句

“what”經常用作表目的或具總結性的句子的開頭，因此，遇到what開頭的句子要多看兩眼，如：

“…If the subject was still reluctant to proceed, Milgram said that it was important for the sake of the experiment that the procedure be followed through to the end. His final argument was ‘you have no other choice. You must go on’. What Milgram was trying to discover was the number of teacher-subjects who would be willing to administer the highest levels of shock, even in the face of strong personal and moral revulsion against the rules and conditions of the experiment.”

(劍橋雅思真題5, Test 1, Reading Passage 2) 原文中，此段很長，但全部都只是屬於一次實驗過程的描述。最後才以“what”爲開頭的句子，總結性地道出了實驗的目的，使得此句成爲全段重點。

雅思閱讀速讀技巧6：不看：換句話說

“換句話說、也就是說”意味着後面的內容與前面一致或是對前面的解釋，因此只用看前面的內容即可。

常見的表達有：that is (to say)，i.e.，namely，put another way，in other words等。如：

“The state has no obligation to provide a health-care system itself, but to ensure that such a system is provided. Put another way, basic health-care is now recognized as a ‘public good’, rather than a ‘private good’ that one is expected to buy for oneself.”

(劍橋雅思真題4, Test 4, Reading Passage 3) 略掉“Put another way”後面的內容，只看前面。

雅思閱讀速讀技巧7：不看：論據內容

爲了論證觀點，文章中經常會大量出現各式各樣的論據，但它們並不是文章的重點。故概覽文章時，論據可以先忽略不看。而常見的“論據”形式有：

含“舉例”的句子：for example / instance，e.g.，such as，like等;

含“數據”的句子：百分比(%，percentage)，描述統計結果的數字;

引用名人/專家言論(直接/間接引語)的句子：特別是“引號(‘’)”中的內容;

以some，a few，others等表達“某些”的單詞爲開頭的句子。

雅思閱讀速讀技巧8：排除標點符號的干擾

冒號(“：”) / 一個破折號(“-”) ，引出解釋，看前面。如：

“冒號”：

“In 1890 he proposed that evolution was irreversible: that ‘an organism is unable to return, even partially, to a previous stage already realized in the ranks of its ancestors’.”

(劍橋雅思真題10, Test 4, Reading Passage 3)

“一個破折號”：

“metrics focuses on increasing power – the rate at which an athlete can expend energy.”

(劍橋雅思真題4, Test 4, Reading Passage 1)

兩個破折號 / 括號：信息插入或解釋，不用看。如：

“兩個破折號”：

“For the so-called power events – that require a relatively brief, explosive release of energy, like the 100-metre sprint and the long jump – times and distances have improved ten to twenty per cent.”

(劍橋雅思真題4, Test 4, Reading Passage 1)

“括號”：

“This is not to say that infants recognize the reflection as their own image (a later development).”

(劍橋雅思真題9, Test 4, Reading Passage 2)

看到這裏，烤鴨們是否有點感覺了呢?現在，我們就以一個完整的段落，來演示一下這些信號詞是如何幫助大家節省閱讀時間的吧：

(劍橋雅思真題4, Test 4, Reading Passage 1)：

Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through space. For the so-called power events - that require a relatively brief, explosive release of energy, like the 100-metre sprint and the long jump - times and distances have improved ten to twenty per cent(數據). In the endurance events(具體到某類運動，類似“某些”的用法) the results have been more dramatic. At the 1908 Olympics. John Hayes of the U.S. team ran a marathon in a time of 2:55:18(數據). In 1999, Morocco's Khalid Khannouchi set a new world record of 2:05:42(數據), almost thirty per cent(數據) faster. (雖然段落原本有點長，但藉助各類小信號，我們能快速地把文段刪減一大半，最終只剩下第一句話，那麼自然，閱覽的時間也就跟着縮了一大半。)

有了這些信號，我們就能更快速地掌握各段落大意，瞭解文章結構，不僅讀文章快了，找答案時也能更有目的性，能避免在與題目不相干的段落裏浪費時間，答題準確率自然也會有所提升。那麼，這些信號，今天你掌握了嗎?友情提示：“信號”雖然能很大程度上協助閱讀，但語言本身是靈活的，任何“信號”都只是一個參考方向，並非時刻萬能。最重要的，還是要大家多練多積累，提升自身綜合理解能力。