託福閱讀輔導:老託福閱讀真題及答案passage11

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老託福閱讀文本 passage11

Plants are subject to attack and infection by a remarkable variety of symbiotic species and have evolved a diverse array of mechanisms designed to frustrate the potential colonists. These can be divided into preformed or passive defense mechanisms and inducible or active systems. Passive plant defense comprises physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens, such as bacteria, or render tissues unpalatable or toxic to the invader. The external surfaces of plants, in addition to being covered by an epidermis and a waxy cuticle, often carry spiky hairs known as trichomes, which either prevent feeding by insects or may even puncture and kill insect larvae. Other trichomes are sticky and glandular and effectively trap and immobilize insects.

If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants. The success of the Colorado beetle in infesting potatoes, for example, seems to be correlated with its high tolerance to alkaloids that normally repel potential pests. Other possible chemical defenses, while not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycoproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes that degrade cell walls. These enzymes are often produced by bacteria and fungi.

Active plant defense mechanisms are comparable to the immune system of vertebrate animals, although the cellular and molecular bases are fundamentally different. Both, however, are triggered in reaction to intrusion, implying that the host has some means of recognizing the presence of a foreign organism. The most dramatic example of an inducible plant defense reaction is the hypersensitive response. In the hypersensitive response, cells undergo rapid necrosis — that is, they become diseased and die — after being penetrated by a parasite; the parasite itself subsequently ceases to grow and is therefore restricted to one or a few cells around the entry site. Several theories have been put forward to explain the basis of hypersensitive resistance.

老託福閱讀題目 passage11

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The success of parasites in resisting plant defense mechanisms

(B) Theories on active plant defense mechanisms

(C) How plant defense mechanisms function

(D) How the immune system of animals and the defense mechanisms of plants differ

2. The phrase "subject to" in line 1 is closest in meaning to

(A) susceptible to

(B) classified by

(C) attractive to

(D) strengthened by

3. The word "puncture" in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) pierce

(B) pinch

(C) surround

(D) cover .

4. The word "which" in line 12 refers to

(A) tissues

(B) substances

(C) barriers

(D) insects

5. Which of the following substances does the author mention as NOT necessarily being toxic to the Colorado beetle?

(A) resins

(B) tannins

(C) glycosides

(D) alkaloids

6. Why does the author mention "glycoproteins" in line 17?

(A) to compare plant defense mechanisms to the immune system of animals

(B) to introduce the discussion of active defense mechanisms in plants

(C) to illustrate how chemicals function in plant defense

(D) to emphasize the importance of physical barriers in plant defense

7. The word "dramatic" in line 23 could best be replaced by

(A) striking

(B) accurate

(C) consistent

(D) appealing

8. Where in the passage does the author describe an active plant-defense reaction?

(A) Lines 1-3

(B) Lines 4-6

(C) Lines 13-15

(D) Lines 24-27

9. The passage most probably continues with a discussion of theories on

(A) the basis of passive plant defense

(B) how chemicals inhibit a parasitic relationship.

(C) how plants produce toxic chemicals

(D) the principles of the hypersensitive response.

老託福閱讀答案 passage11

正確答案： CAABD CADD

託福閱讀技巧：詞彙題應對方法

爲什麼很多考生會對詞彙題束手無措?一方面是因爲考生的詞彙量達不到，OG中詞彙題的解釋裏有一句話，there is no “list of words” that must be tested. 這句話就告訴考生死了那條心去背所謂的大綱詞彙，因爲沒有大綱，而考試中要考查到的單詞可能是來自牛津字典或朗文字典中的任何一個單詞，範圍大的離譜;而另一方面則是因爲有的考生沒有學會從上下文或者從語法結構去猜測詞義。

因爲OG中的解釋還有一句a word might have more than one meaning, but in the reading passage, only one of those meaning is relevant. 所以很有可能考生在考試中所碰到的詞彙並不是已經讓人熟知的第一詞義，而是要根據語境上下文推斷出的第二詞義甚至是第三詞義，所以又對考生做題增加了難度。最可悲的是不僅文章中的單詞意思不知道，連4個選項中的單詞都有不認識不熟悉的，這樣的結果就只能是亂猜一氣，聽天由命全憑運氣，當然考試結果也不會好。所以在此將給考生一點準備新託福閱讀考試詞彙題的建議和解題方法，希望能給考生攻克詞彙題給予一些幫助。

Tip: 單詞記憶

單詞記憶主要就是背單詞。背單詞是很多同學覺得非常痛苦的事情，經常會有學生來問藥怎麼背，背了一些又馬上忘了另外一些。所以關於如何去背單詞，在這裏有幾點建議：

1、利用零散的時間背單詞。利用零散的時間背單詞可以使用單詞卡片。不過，爲了保證效率，首先要確定哪些單詞需要記憶。理論上，單詞量越多越好。實際上，如果一味貪多，結果容易打疲勞戰，而且效率低。所以，只記那些常考的核心詞彙，而對於那些不太常用的學科名詞、物質名詞一般加以忽略。

2、進行高頻率的重複，建議把重複的週期控制在7天以內。具體說來，就是每天背100個單詞，將過一遍這些單詞的時間控制在半個小時以內，每天過4遍，第二天再過一遍前一天的。如果程度不是很好的同學可以壓縮到50個左右，但儘量不要低於50個。單詞材料可以找一些相關的新託福閱讀詞彙書，或者是以往考過的詞彙題內容。

把背單詞和閱讀相結合。廣泛的閱讀也是增加詞彙量的一種方法，並且能夠在閱讀中加強對已經背過的單詞的記憶。當一篇文章的生詞量在5%左右的時候，這些生詞的詞義是可推的。所以我們在選擇閱讀材料的時候，應儘量將單詞量控制在10%左右。單詞太多，看不懂文章，太少又起不到提高的作用。相關材料可以上一些網站看，例如economist, national geographic等等。

託福閱讀輔導:老託福閱讀真題及答案 passage11