託福TPO3閱讀真題Part1原文及答案參考

託福TPO是我們託福閱讀的重要參考資料，爲了方便大家備考，下面小編給大家整理了託福TPO3閱讀真題Part1原文及答案參考，希望大家喜歡。

       託福TPO3閱讀真題原文：Part1

Architecture

Architecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes. Because architecture grows out of human needs and aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways.

Architecture is a three-dimensional form. It utilizes space, mass, texture, line, light, and color. To be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with a variety of elements. Humans instinctively seek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of life. It is the work of architects to create buildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration and delight. Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrich space, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible. The client who pays for the building and defines its function is an important member of the architectural team. The mediocre design of many contemporary buildings can be traced to both clients and architects.

In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them-even while building materials have changed dramatically. The world's architectural structures have also been devised in relation to the objective limitations of materials. Structures can be analyzed in terms of how they deal with downward forces created by gravity. They are designed to withstand the forces of compression (pushing together), tension (pulling apart), bending, or a combination of these in different parts of the structure.

Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. Materials and methods of construction are integral parts of the design of architecture structures. In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systems suitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick. Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired. Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material. Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built one hundred years ago.

Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body's vital organs and systems. The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning. Of course in early architecture-such as igloos and adobe structures-there was no such equipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one.

Much of the world's great architecture has been constructed of stone because of its beauty, permanence, and availability. In the past, whole cities grew from the arduous task of cutting and piling stone upon. Some of the world's finest stone architecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru. The doorways and windows are made possible by placing over the open spaces thick stone beams that support the weight from above. A structural invention had to be made before the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and new architectural forms could be created. That invention was the arch, a curved structure originally made of separate stone or brick segments. The arch was used by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for underground drains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensively in aboveground structures. Roman builders perfected the semicircular arch made of separate blocks of stone. As a method of spanning space, the arch can support greater weight than a horizontal beam. It works in compression to divert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne by the vertical elements on either side of the arch. The arch is among the many important structural breakthroughs that have characterized architecture throughout the centuries.

Paragraph 1: Architecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes. Because architecture grows out of human needs and aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways.

託福TPO3閱讀真題Part1題目

1. According to paragraph 1, all of the following statements about architecture are true EXCEPT:

Paragraph 2: Architecture is a three-dimensional form. It utilizes space, mass, texture, line, light, and color. To be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with a variety of elements. Humans instinctively seek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of life. It is the work of architects to create buildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration and delight. Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrich space, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible. The client who pays for the building and defines its function is an important member of the architectural team. The mediocre design of many contemporary buildings can be traced to both clients and architects.

2.The word "feasible" in the passage is closest in meaning to

3. The word "enhance" in the passage is closest in meaning to

Paragraph 3: In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them-even while building materials have changed dramatically. The world's architectural structures have also been devised in relation to the objective limitations of materials. Structures can be analyzed in terms of how they deal with downward forces created by gravity. They are designed to withstand the forces of compression (pushing together), tension (pulling apart), bending, or a combination of these in different parts of the structure.

4. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

5. The word "devised" in the passage is closest in meaning to

Paragraph 4: Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. Materials and methods of construction are integral parts of the design of architecture structures. In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systems suitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick. Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired. Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material. Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built one hundred years ago.

6. The word "integral" is closest in meaning to

7. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about materials used in the construction of buildings?

8. In paragraph 4, what does the author imply about modern buildings?

Paragraph 5: Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body's vital organs and systems. The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning. Of course in early architecture-such as igloos and adobe structures-there was no such equipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one.

9. Which of the following correctly characterizes the relationship between the human body and architecture that is described in paragraph 5?

Paragraph 6: Much of the world's great architecture has been constructed of stone because of its beauty, permanence, and availability. In the past, whole cities grew from the arduous task of cutting and piling stone upon. Some of the world's finest stone architecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru. Thedoorways and windows are made possible by placing over the open spaces thick stone beams that support the weight from above. A structural invention had to be made before the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and new architectural forms could be created. That invention was the arch, a curved structure originally made of separate stone or brick segments. The arch was used by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for underground drains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensively in aboveground structures. Roman builders perfected the semicircular arch made of separate blocks of stone. As a method of spanning space, the arch can support greater weight than a horizontal beam. It works in compression to divert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne by the vertical elements on either side of the arch. The arch is among the many important structural breakthroughs that have characterized architecture throughout the centuries.

10. The word "arduous" in the passage is closest in meaning to

11. Why does the author include a description of how the "doorways and windows" of Machu Picchu were constructed?

12.According to paragraph 6, which of the following statements is true of the arch?

Paragraph 5: █Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body; a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body's vital organs and systems. █The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning. █Of course in early architecture-such as igloos and adobe structures-there was no such equipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one. █

13.Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

However, some modern architectural designs, such as those using folded plates of concreter or air-inflated structures, are again unifying skeleton and skin.

Where would the sentence best fit?

14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

Architecture uses forms and space to express cultural values.

Answer choices

託福TPO3閱讀真題答案：Part1

參考答案：

1. ○ 4

2. ○ 3

3. ○2

4. ○ 4

5. ○ 2

6. ○ 1

7. ○ 2

8. ○ 3

9. ○ 4

10. ○ 1

11. ○ 3

12. ○ 2

13. ○ 4

14. Architects seek to create…

Over the course of the…

The discovery and use of…

託福TPO3閱讀Part1參考翻譯

建築

建築是一門出於實用和象徵的雙重目的，通過組織和利用空間來實現設計結構的藝術和科學。。因爲建築源於人類的需求和願望，同樣也可以清楚地傳達文化價值。在所有的視覺藝術中，建築最直接地影響了我們的生活，因爲它在很多方面決定了我們生存的環境特徵。

建築是一種利用空間、質量、紋理、線條、光線和顏色的三維立體形式。一幢建築物必須實現各種要素的和諧搭配。人類本能地希望可以提供居住並且改善他們生活質量的建築。建築師們創造出來的建築物不單純的是建築物，還爲人們帶來了靈感和喜悅。建築物爲人類的生活提供了遮蔽處和豐富的空間、增加人們的活動場所、完善人們的居所、幫助人們適應氣候的變化，同時在經濟上也可承受。建築團隊中，最重要的是那些爲建築支付建設費用並且設計其功能的人，許多當代建築平庸的根源在於客戶和建築師雙反。

爲了達到建築的目的，一定的大小和強度是必須的。儘管建築材料已經發生了翻天覆地的變化，建築採用的各種支撐方法自從人們發現它們以來鮮有改變，因爲這些方法都建立在物理定律的基礎上。世界的建築結構也因爲克服材料限制的目的而發展起來。建築師們在設計建築結構的時候需要將重力對材料的影響考慮在內，通過結構設計使建築不同部分能抵抗壓力、拉力、彎曲力或混合的壓力。

甚至建築的發展也是由重大的技術變革造成的。材料和建設方法是建築結構設計整體的組成部分。早期，人們必須設計結構系統來配合當前可用的材料，如木頭、石頭和磚。現今的技術已經發展到能夠創造新的建築材料來適應想要應用的建築結構。近幾代建築材料和科技的巨大變化使得包圍空間更加簡單、快速，並且用更少的材料。在這一領域的進步可以用現在修建的建築和100年前建造的同規模建築之間的重量差異來衡量。

類似人類的身體結構，現代建築可以劃分爲三個獨立的部分：支撐骨架或框架、圍住內部空間的外殼以及像人體內器官一樣重要的設施。這些設施包括管道、電線、熱水和空調。當然，在早期的圓頂建築和土坯建築中並沒有這樣的設施，皮膚和骨骼也往往是合在一起的。