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聽診器是怎麼發明出來的?
How Was The Stethoscope Invented?
聽診器是怎麼發明出來的?
In the early 1800s, a French physician named René Laennec had a dilemma. He needed to listen to the heart sounds of a young woman with signs of heart disease. But the only method of listening to heart sounds known to Western medicine at the time was simply to press an ear to the patient’s chest. Laennec just couldn’t bring himself to get that close and personal with this ample young woman.
在19世紀初，一位法國內科醫生雷納-萊納克遇到了一個難題。在爲一位有心臟病跡象的年輕女性看病時，雷奈克需要聽到她的心跳聲才能確診。但當時西醫界已知的聽診方法只是簡單地將耳朵貼近患者的胸部來判斷心跳聲。但萊納克並不想與這位年輕女士太過接近。
How could he make a diagnosis?
那麼他如何診斷呢?
The story goes that Laennec grabbed a piece of paper and rolled it into a cylinder. With the cylinder between his ear and the young woman’s chest, Laennec saved himself and his patient from embarrassment. But he was also surprised to find that the heart sounds conducted through the cylinder were louder and clearer than he’d ever heard before.
故事的結局是萊納克隨後拿了張紙捲成圓筒狀。他將這一紙質圓筒置於他的耳朵和患者的胸部之間，使得兩人都免於了尷尬。但與此同時，他驚奇地發現通過紙質圓筒傳出的心跳聲相較以往聽到的更爲響亮清晰。
Laennec named his invention the stethoscope, from the Greek words for “chest” and “to view,” because it opened a new window into what was happening in the heart and lungs.
萊納克將這一發明命名爲聽診器，這一名稱取自希臘語中的“胸部”及“觀察”兩個詞，因爲這一發明爲心肺診斷技術開闢了一種新的方法。
After experimenting with different materials, Laennec decided that wood cylinders conducted sound best. He spent the rest of his life interpreting heart and lung sounds, conducting autopsies when possible to confirm the diagnoses he’d made by sound.
通過對不同材質進行實驗後，萊納克認爲木質圓筒作爲聽診器的效果最佳。他將餘生致力於研究心肺聽診，並通過屍檢來驗證他此前通過聽診所下的診斷。
Although the stethoscope revolutionized Western medicine, it met with great resistance at first. In the 1820s, many physicians felt that listening through the cylinder would be too time consuming, inconvenient, and well, even silly! But soon the value of Laennec’s modest invention became clear. And today, the stethoscope is a nearly universal symbol of medicine and health care.
儘管聽診器徹底改革了西醫診斷方法，但它最初推廣使用時也遭遇了極大的阻力。19世紀20年代，許多醫生認爲通過圓筒聽診太費時又不方便，甚至很愚蠢!但不久之後，萊納克這項頗爲實用的發明的價值逐漸顯現。現今，聽診器已成爲醫學保健普遍的象徵。
格陵蘭島人是怎樣學會計數的?
How People In Greenland Learn How To Count
格陵蘭島人是怎樣學會計數的?
Kids learn to count on their fingers, because they’re so, well, handy! And it makes sense–most number systems originally developed as people counted using their fingers.
小孩通過數手指來學習計數，因爲這樣確實非常方便。由此，最初的數字系統是從人們以手指計數發展而來也就變得合乎情理了。
The counting system of native Greenlanders not only uses all ten fingers, but all ten toes as well! Here’s how it works. The Greenlandic word for the number seven translates as, “second hand, two.” That means you count five on the first hand and add two from the second, to make seven. After you run out of fingers, go for the toes. Thirteen translates as “first foot, three.” That means you add all ten fingers plus three toes.
古代格陵蘭島人的計數系統不僅要用到十個手指，甚至連十個腳趾都用上了!以下就是這種計數方式的工作原理。格陵蘭語中，數字7翻譯出來就是“第二隻手，兩 根手指。”意思是說你數完第一隻手的五個手指，再加上第二隻手的兩根手指得到數字七。如果手指不夠用，那就再用腳趾。數字13翻譯出來是“第一隻腳，三隻 腳趾。”說明你數完了所有十個手指，再數三個腳趾就得到數字十三。
The counting system we use has a base of ten. Larger numbers are simply multiples of ten. For example, ten tens make one hundred. We’re so used to our base ten system that it may seem like the only possibility. But the Greenlandic number system has a base of twenty, and others have a base of five. Of all the number systems ever invented, five, ten, and twenty are the most common bases.
我們使用的計數系統是十進制的。較大的數字就是用10來倍乘。比如，10個10就是100.我們非常習慣使用十進制計數，以至於認爲世上只有這一種計數系 統。但是格陵蘭島的計數系統是二十進制的，也有一些地方採用五進制。在所有發明的計數系統中，五進制、十進制和二十進制是最爲常見的。
It’s no coincidence that these bases match the number of fingers on one hand, or two hands, or all of our fingers and toes. The connection between fingers and counting is so close that several languages have just one word that means both “hand” and the number five. Even in English, the word digit describes either a number or a finger. So if anyone teases you for counting on your fingers, just tell them you find your digits quite handy!
這些計數的基數和我們的一隻手的手指數、兩隻手的手指數，以及所有的手指和腳趾的數目吻合並非巧合。手指和計數之間的聯繫如此緊密以至於很多語言裏都只有 一個詞用來同時表示“手”和數字“五”。甚至在英語裏也有這樣的情況，單詞digit既可表示數字也可表示手指。因此，如果有人因爲你用手指數數而取笑你 的話，你只需告訴他你覺得使用手指計算很方便就行了!
