《丹麥女孩》 性開放的丹麥 跨性別的冒險

In one scene in “The Danish Girl,” due in theaters Friday, Nov. 27, the 1920s Danish artist Gerda Wegener (Alicia Vikander) gazes intensely at her canvas as she paints a portrait of a nude woman stretched out languidly in a classical pose.

將於11月27日星期五上映的《丹麥女孩》(The Danish Girl)中有這樣一幕，20世紀20年代的丹麥藝術家格爾達·魏格納（Gerda Wegener，艾麗西亞·維坎德[Alicia Vikander]飾）爲一個慵懶地伸展身體，擺出古典式姿態的裸女作畫，她死死凝視着面前的畫布。

The beautiful model is Gerda’s artist husband, Einar Wegener (Eddie Redmayne), who has just started stepping out in public as a woman, to be known later as Lili Elbe. Erotically charged, the painting is ahead of its time, as were the real-life subjects of the film, Wegener and Elbe, one of the earliest patients to undergo sex reassignment surgery, in 1930.

這位美麗的模特正是格爾達的藝術家丈夫埃納爾·魏格納（Einar Wegener，埃迪·雷德梅尼[Eddie Redmayne]飾），當時她剛剛開始以女人的身份出現在公共場合，而後取了新名字叫莉莉·埃爾伯(Lili Elbe)。這幅畫充滿色情氣息，完全走在時代前面，正如這部真人事蹟改編電影中的兩位主角，魏格納與埃爾伯。1930年，埃爾伯成了最早接受變性手術的人之一。

“In this moment in the movie, through this painting, we can see how Lili and Gerda’s stories are both of a Danish tradition, and also far ahead of that tradition,” said David Ebershoff, author of the 2000 novel “The Danish Girl,” which was adapted for the film. “A women’s rights movement was playing out in Denmark somewhat simultaneously to their lives.”

“在影片的這一幕裏，通過繪畫，我們可以看出，莉莉和格爾達的關係既是一個丹麥傳統故事，又是一個走在傳統前面的故事，”2000年出版的小說《丹麥女孩》的作者，大衛·艾伯肖夫(David Ebershoff) 說，電影正是根據這部小說改編的。“當時女權運動正在丹麥盛行，與她們的生活是同步的。”

Despite being an American and British production, “The Danish Girl” — directed by Tom Hooper (“The King’s Speech”) — is the latest in a long line of sexually adventurous Danish stories exploring gender equality and identity. That tradition has been spurred on by other Danish firsts. It was the first country in the world to legalize printed pornography, in 1967; in 1969 it lifted censorship of all movies for adults. It was also the first to legalize same-sex civil unions, in 1989. (Same-sex marriage was sanctioned there in 2012.)

《丹麥女孩》由《國王的演講》(The King’s Speech)的導演湯姆·霍珀(Tom Hooper)執導，儘管它由英美兩國聯合制作，亦是諸多探索性別平等與性別身份的丹麥性冒險故事中最新的一個。這一傳統正是由其他的丹麥“第一”所激發出來的。1967年，它成了世界上第一個將色情出版物合法化的國家；1969年，它取消了對成人電影的審查制度。1989年，它成了第一個將同性民事結合合法化的國家（2012年，同性婚姻在丹麥亦得到承認）。

When Mr. Hooper visited Copenhagen for the first time last year, he “completely fell in love” with it, he said. In the film he wanted to pay homage to the city and the blue-gray paintings of the 19th century artist Vilhelm Hammershoi, whose works Mr. Ebershoff called “masterpieces of subdued longing.”

霍珀說，自己去年第一次來到哥本哈根，就“徹底愛上了它”。在影片中，他希望對這座城市致敬，也希望向19世紀藝術家威爾漢姆·哈默休伊( Vilhelm Hammershoi)筆下灰藍色調的油畫致敬，艾伯肖夫說，哈默休伊的作品是“大師傑作，反映了被壓抑的渴望”。

Tightknit Denmark — current population: 5.6 million — has been defined for more than a century by a sense of social tolerance. The 19th century concept of cultural radicalism, with its critical attitude toward Victorian sexual restraint, has been incredibly influential, said the film historian Casper Tybjerg, a professor at the University of Copenhagen. “Sex is considered something natural and shouldn’t be regulated,” he said.

丹麥目前有560萬人口，它是一個非常團結的國家，一個多世紀以來都以社會寬容而著名。哥本哈根大學教授，電影史學家卡斯帕·提布約根(Casper Tybjerg)說，19世紀的文化激進主義對維多利亞時代的性壓抑持批判態度，對丹麥有着深遠影響。“性被視爲自然之事，不應當受到規章控制，”他說。

Five years before her countrywomen won the right to vote in 1915, the Danish movie star Asta Nielsen stunned audiences by playing a liberated woman who is to marry a vicar’s son but who runs off with a circus performer in “The Abyss.” During one dance number, she gyrates against her lover. “It’s very overtly sexual in a way that was quite striking to contemporaries,” Mr. Tybjerg said.

1915年，丹麥女人獲得了選舉權，在此五年前，丹麥電影女星阿斯塔·尼爾森(Asta Nielsen)在影片《深淵》(The Abyss)中飾演了一個思想解放的女人，她嫁給一個牧師的兒子，但是和一個馬戲團演員私奔了，這個角色令觀衆大爲震驚。在一場跳舞戲中，她繞着情人打轉。“這是非常明顯的情色，在某種程度上，對於當代觀衆來說也很驚人，”提布約根說。

He also said a “nonjudgmental strain” appears throughout movies in the ’40s, ’50s and ’60s. The first color live action film made in Denmark, “Kispus,” from 1956, features a lovably eccentric fashion designer, Mr. Marcel. “Quite clearly, this character is marked as a gay man in the film, and it’s not something that’s made fun of,” Mr. Tybjerg said. Other daring movies include “Venom” (1966, also known as “Gift”), about a hedonistic young man who films his sexual dalliances and watches hard-core pornography — though the explicit footage was then censored with big white crosses.

他還說，40、50到60年代的丹麥電影中有一種“不評判的特性”。丹麥的第一部彩色電影是1956年的《基斯普斯》(Kispus)，主角是怪癖可愛的時裝設計師馬塞爾先生(Mr. Marcel)。“顯然，片中這個角色是個男同性戀，而且不是用來取笑的，”提布約根說。其他大膽的電影還包括1966年的《毒液》(Venom)，又名《禮物》(Gift)，講述一個信奉享樂主義的年輕男子，他把自己的一夜情拍成錄像，還看各種重口味的色情製品——儘管最後過於露骨的鏡頭被審查制度和諧掉，代之以銀幕上的大白叉。

The end of film censorship in 1969 led to a flurry of movies with both explicit and nuanced themes.

1969年，丹麥取消了對電影的審查制度，導致一大批題材既露骨又微妙的影片涌現出來。

There was the 1970 counterculture “Concerning Lone,” about a teenage girl who travels to Copenhagen’s hippie area, later has exuberant topless sex, gets pregnant and seeks an illegal abortion. In 1978, “You Are Not Alone” was the first Danish movie to show two boys in love. Joyfully honest, it includes scenes of teenage boys kissing and also caressing naked in the shower.

比如1970年的反文化影片《問題少女露恩》(Concerning Lone)，它講述一個少女到哥本哈根的嬉皮社區旅行，後來發生了激情洋溢的無上裝性愛，又懷了孕，做了非法流產。1978年，《你並不孤獨》(You Are Not Alone)是丹麥第一部關於兩個男孩相愛的電影。它以令人愉悅的誠實拍出了少年男子接吻，在浴室裸體互相愛撫的情景。

Released in 1987, “Forever Friends” took a thoughtful approach to its story of a doe-eyed new guy in school becoming friends with a clique leader who is gay.

1987年的《好朋友，到永遠》(Forever Friends)以深思熟慮的方式講述了這樣一個故事，一個眼神純真的新生與學校裏小圈子的領頭人成了好朋友，發現這個小頭頭是個同性戀。

Yet amid this candor lies an entrenched Scandinavian concept, the law of Jante, satirically coined by the Danish author Aksel Sandemose in the 1930s, about being reservedly modest and not trumpeting individual success.

然而，斯堪的納維亞人骨子裏性格除了坦率，還有20世紀30年代阿克賽爾·桑德莫塞(Aksel Sandemose)所提出的“詹代法則”(law of Jante) ，是關於行事溫和保守，不要宣揚個人成功的準則。

“I was brought up in a country that was very open, especially when it comes to sexuality, growing up as a young woman being able to talk to your parents about this from a young age,” said Ms. Vikander, a Swede whose father, a psychiatrist, has worked with transgender patients. “Jante will always be a part of me, in the sense that I was also brought up with people holding back just a tiny bit, at home.”

“我在一個非常開放的國家裏長大，特別是性方面，年紀非常小的時候，我就可以和父母討論這方面的問題，”維坎德說，她是瑞典人，她的父親是心理醫師，接待過跨性別的病人。“詹代法則在我心裏根深蒂固，也就是說，我長大成人期間，周圍的人即便在家裏都會有所保留。”

In some way Lili, too, doesn’t want to stand out, Mr. Hooper said. “Eddie and I had conversations with trans people about ‘passing’ or blending in,” he said. “Lili was really quite a conventional woman, and wanted to find a man and become pregnant one day.” (Though details are vague about the scope of Elbe’s multiple surgeries, she died in 1931 after complications stemming from what may have been the attempted transplant of a uterus.)

在某些方面，莉莉也是這樣不願意拋頭露面，霍珀說。“我和埃迪討論過跨性別人士‘過關’，或者說融入主流社會的問題，”他說。“莉莉其實是個非常傳統的女人，她想找個男人，生兒育女。”（關於埃爾伯所接受的多次外科手術的細節已經不詳，1931年，她死於某些綜合徵，很可能是試圖移植子宮的手術引發的。）

Ms. Vikander said she also became enamored of the naturalistic Dogme 95 film movement introduced in 1995 by the directors Lars von Trier and Thomas Vinterberg. Both Ms. Vikander and Mr. Hooper cited Mr. Vinterberg’s raw 1998 Dogme film, “The Celebration,” about family sexual abuse, as one of their favorite Danish movies.

維坎德說，她喜歡自然主義的道格瑪95電影運動(Dogme 95)，這是1995年由導演拉斯·馮·提爾(Lars von Trier)與托馬斯·溫特伯格(Thomas Vinterberg)發起的運動。1988年，溫特伯格拍攝的道格瑪電影《慶典》(The Celebration)講述家庭性虐待的故事，維坎德與霍珀都說，這是自己最愛的丹麥電影。

After Dogme, progressive Danish films have included “Shake It All About” (2001), which revolves around a man who proposes to his boyfriend, then also falls in love with a woman; the coming-of-age lesbian tale “Triple Threat” (2006); and “Ladyboy” (2011).

道格瑪運動之後，前衛的丹麥電影還包括2001年的《最愛還是他》(Shake It All About)，講述一個男人向男友求婚，之後又愛上一個女人的故事；以及2006年的女同性戀成長故事《三重威脅》(Triple Threat)和2011年的《變性者》(Ladyboy)。

Last year, Denmark became the first European country to allow a legal change of gender without requiring a medical diagnosis. But movies about transgender people are still rare, said Thomas Gammeltoft, chief executive of the Copenhagen Film Fund, which helped finance “The Danish Girl.” So the film and its story of Elbe and Wegener will probably have an impact, he said.

去年，丹麥成了第一個不需要醫學證明，就可以合法改變性別的歐洲國家。但是，哥本哈根電影基金會首席執行官托馬斯·戈梅爾托夫特(Thomas Gammeltoft)說，關於跨性別者的電影仍然不多，該基金會資助了《丹麥女孩》的拍攝。他說，關於埃爾伯與魏格納的故事肯定會產生巨大沖擊。

Mr. Hooper agreed. “A lot of Danish people I talked to had not heard of them,” he said. “Most of all, I’d like to reclaim these two people who were iconic Danish citizens.”

霍珀對此表示同意。“我發現很多丹麥人都沒有聽說過她們，”他說，“最重要的是，我希望能恢復她倆在丹麥的偶像地位。”