談起核戰爭 誰還會記得長崎

NAGASAKI, Japan — When Miyako Jodai was 6 years old, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on her hometown, the port city of Nagasaki.

日本長崎——上代美也子（Miyako Jodai，音）6歲那年，美國在她的家鄉，也就是港口城市長崎投下了一顆原子彈。

She was knocked unconscious, and her home was destroyed. She spent the next several days huddling with dozens of others in a cave on the side of a mountain.

她被衝擊波震得暈了過去，她家的房屋亦被摧毀。隨後幾天，她和數十上百人一起擠在山上的一個洞穴裏。

“I was so scared,” she said. “I was crying and I stepped on some of the bodies of the injured people, because there was no room to walk.” When she finally ventured out, the city was still ablaze with towering flames.

“由於極度恐懼，”她說，“我一直大哭，而且洞里根本無路可走，我只好從傷者的身體上踏過。”當她最終冒險走出去時，城市中仍然閃耀着沖天的火焰。

Ms. Jodai was one of the fortunate ones. The bomb dropped on Nagasaki the morning of Aug. 9, 1945, killed about 74,000 people, about half as many as those who died in the bombing of Hiroshima three days earlier.

上代美也子是倖存者之一。於1945年8月9日早上落在長崎的那顆原子彈共導致約7.4萬人死亡，爲三天前廣島原子彈爆炸致死人數的一半左右。

On Friday, President Obama will become the first sitting American president since the end of World War II to visit Hiroshima. Nagasaki is not on the itinerary.

本週五，奧巴馬將成爲二戰結束後首位到訪廣島的在任美國總統。長崎不在他的行程之中。

While invoking Hiroshima has become a universal shorthand for the horrors of nuclear war, Nagasaki, on the southwestern island of Kyushu, has mostly lived in the other city’s shadow.

談及核戰爭的恐怖，人們通常會立刻想起廣島，而位於日本西南部島嶼九州島上的長崎，一直以來基本處於前者的陰影之下。

“We know that the very highest mountain in Japan is Mount Fuji,” said Tomihisa Taue, the mayor of Nagasaki, in an interview in his office. “But we don’t know the second-highest mountain.”

“我們知道日本最高峯是富士山(Mount Fuji)，”長崎市長田上富久(Tomihisa Taue)在其辦公室裏接受採訪時說，“但我們並不知道第二高峯是哪座。”

Yet many in Nagasaki recognize that Hiroshima, in some ways, stands in for both cities. They say the message they want the world to take from Mr. Obama’s visit — that nuclear weapons must never again be used — does not require that he set foot in their city.

不過，許多長崎人承認，廣島在某種程度上代表着兩座城市。他們希望世人能從奧巴馬的這次訪問中認清，永遠也不該再次使用核武器，他們說這一訊息無須奧巴馬踏足他們的城市也能被傳達出去。

Mr. Taue suggested that Nagasaki could also serve as a potent coda to Hiroshima’s opening of the nuclear age. “I would like the president to say, from Nagasaki to the world, that this site should be the last place on earth to experience the atomic bombing,” he said.

田上富久指出，應該讓長崎原爆爲廣島原爆所開啓的核時代劃上一個有力的句號。“我希望奧巴馬總統會說，從長崎到全世界，這裏應該是地球上最後一個遭到原子彈爆炸的地方，”他說。

That Nagasaki was bombed second has made it an afterthought in the history of and debate over nuclear weapons, even though many historians argue that the bombing was harder to justify precisely because it was a repeated act.

長崎是第二個被轟炸的城市，這讓長崎原爆在覈武器史上以及關於核武器的討論中處於次要地位，但很多歷史學家都表示，此次原爆的正當性更難以辯護，因爲它是重複之舉。

If one accepts President Harry S. Truman’s rationale that the Hiroshima bombing was necessary to force Japan’s surrender and end the war, the moral calculus for dropping a second bomb on a civilian population three days later is more contentious.

哈里·S·杜魯門(Harry S. Truman)認爲，爲了迫使日本投降進而結束戰爭，有必要用原子彈轟炸廣島，如果說這一理由還能被接受的話，那麼三天後又向平民投下第二顆原子彈，絕對是在道德層面更具爭議的做法。

Close to 700,000 people a year visit the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum, compared with nearly 1.5 million at the Hiroshima Peace Memorial, where Mr. Obama will lay a wreath on Friday.

每年有將近70萬人次參觀長崎原爆資料館(Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum)，相比之下，每年有將近150萬人次參觀廣島和平紀念資料館(Hiroshima Peace Memorial)，週五，奧巴馬將在那裏獻上花圈。

Even in the office of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors’ Council, a sticker on a cabinet illustrates the city’s secondary status — “No More Hiroshimas: End the Arms Race Now.”

即便是在長崎原爆倖存者委員會(Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Survivors’ Council)的辦公室裏，也能從文件櫃上的一張貼紙看出這座城市的次要地位，那上面寫着，“廣島悲劇不容重演：立即結束軍備競賽。”

Ms. Jodai, now 76 and a retired schoolteacher, said she admired the president’s decision to visit Hiroshima and understood that his schedule did not allow him to visit both cities. Still, she said, the Nagasaki survivors should at least be invited to the ceremony in Hiroshima.

現年76歲的上代美也子是一名退休教師，她對奧巴馬總統出訪廣島表示欽佩，說她明白總統行程緊張無法到訪兩座城市。但她認爲，長崎的倖存者至少應該受邀參加在廣島舉行的紀念儀式。

“I feel like Nagasaki has been abandoned and thrown away,” she said.

“我感覺長崎已經被遺忘和拋棄了，”她說。

As Japan wrestles with its own history of wartime atrocities, and as scholars and politicians here and in the United States continue to debate the use of the atomic bomb, Nagasaki, in many ways, offers a more complex narrative than Hiroshima does.

當日本糾結於本國曆史上的戰時暴行，日美兩國學者和政客仍在討論原子彈使用問題的時候，相較於廣島，長崎所提供的故事在許多方面都更爲複雜。

One of the earliest Japanese cities to have contact with traders from the West, including Portuguese and Dutch explorers, Nagasaki is also the oldest and densest stronghold of Roman Catholicism in Japan.

長崎是最早同西方商人——包括來自葡萄牙和荷蘭的探險家——接觸的日本城市之一，它同時也是羅馬天主教在日本最古老的、信衆最多的據點。

When American pilots dropped the bomb, the devastation swept across Urakami Cathedral, then the largest cathedral in East Asia. About 8,000 Catholics in the area were killed. For the Nagasaki Christians, long ostracized in Japan over their faith, it was a bitter truth that their community was destroyed by a predominantly Christian nation, in a mission blessed by a Roman Catholic chaplain.

當美國飛行員投下原子彈的時候，浦上天主堂(Urakami Cathedral)被夷爲平地，它當時是東亞地區最大的天主教堂。當地約有8000名天主教徒遇難。對於因爲堅持信仰而長期受到日本社會排斥的長崎基督徒而言，有一個事實極爲苦澀：他們的家園是被一個基督徒佔多數的國家摧毀的，相關行動得到了一位羅馬天主教隨軍牧師的祝福。

Nagasaki’s Catholic heritage, combined with Hiroshima’s vocal role as a center of antinuclear activities, helped give rise to the Japanese saying “Ikari no Hiroshima, inori no Nagasaki,” or “Hiroshima rages, Nagasaki prays.”

長崎擁有天主教傳統，再加上廣島作爲反核行動中心一直在高調發聲，於是日本就有了這樣一句俗語：“憤怒的廣島，祈禱的長崎。”

At a 6 a.m. Mass on Monday morning, about 100 parishioners sat in long wooden pews in the cathedral, rebuilt not far from its original site. Ritsuo Hisashi, the head priest, said he was less concerned about whether Nagasaki was commemorated as a global symbol than about the call for the elimination of nuclear weapons.

浦上天主堂已經在原址附近重建，週一早上6點的彌撒時間，大約100名教友坐在教堂裏的木質長椅上。主任司祭久志利津男(Ritsuo Hisashi)說，相較於長崎是否被世界各地的人們當作一個符號來紀念，他更關心的是呼籲消除核武器的聲音。

Nagasaki’s archdiocese, along with 15 others in Japan, also opposes efforts by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe to overhaul the country’s pacifist Constitution, imposed by the United States after the war.

長崎的主教轄區以及日本的另外15個主教轄區，都反對首相安倍晉三(Shinzo Abe)修改和平憲法之舉，該憲法是在戰後由美國監督制定的。

Nagasaki’s leaders have also been forthright in their reckonings with Japan’s wartime actions before the United States dropped the bombs.

在對美國投下原子彈之前日本的戰時行徑進行反思這方面，長崎領導人一直態度鮮明。

In 1990, Hitoshi Motoshima, then Nagasaki’s mayor, was shot and wounded by a right-wing nationalist after he suggested that Emperor Hirohito bore some responsibility for World War II.

在1990年，時任長崎市長本島等(Hitoshi Motoshima)曾指出，裕仁天皇(Emperor Hirohito)對“二戰”負有部分責任，此後遭一右翼民族主義者槍擊並負傷。

Around the same time, a city assemblyman, Masaharu Oka, founded a museum to commemorate the Korean laborers who were conscripted to work in wartime factories in Nagasaki and who were either killed or wounded by the atomic bomb.

與此同期，長崎市議員岡正治(Masaharu Oka)創辦了一家資料館，以紀念被強徵至長崎的戰時工廠裏工作，因原子彈爆炸而死亡或受傷的那些朝鮮勞工。

Housed in a former Chinese restaurant up a steep hill, the museum has a decidedly handmade feel. In addition to photographs of Korean survivors and a replica of the cramped quarters where Korean laborers lived, the museum displays a gallery of graphic photos from the Rape of Nanjing in China and of Unit 731, the biological and chemical warfare research facility where Japanese scientists experimented on humans in China.

該資料館位於一個陡峭的山坡上，由一家中國餐館改造而成，帶有很明顯的手工風格。除了朝鮮倖存者的照片以及朝鮮勞工所住擁擠宿舍的複製品，資料館還陳列着大量與南京大屠殺以及731部隊行徑有關的令人不安的照片。731部隊是日本設在中國的一個生化武器研究機構，日本科學家曾在那裏做人體實驗。

Toshiaki Shibata, the former secretary general of the Masaharu Oka museum and the son of two bomb survivors, said he was glad Mr. Obama would not visit Nagasaki. Mr. Shibata, 65, whose dyed lavender hair gives him an impish air, contends that Mr. Obama’s visit is aimed at bolstering Mr. Abe’s efforts to change the Constitution and draw Japan into war.

岡正治和平資料館前祕書長柴田俊明（Toshiaki Shibata，音）的雙親都是原爆倖存者，他說奧巴馬不來長崎反而讓他感到高興。柴田俊明今年65歲，染成淡紫色的頭髮給他增加了一絲頑皮的氣息。他認爲奧巴馬此行是爲了給鼓吹修憲，試圖把日本拖入戰爭的安倍提供支持。

“It would be better if he doesn’t come here,” Mr. Shibata said.

“他不到這兒來還好點兒，”柴田俊明說。

Yoshitoshi Fukahori, 87, a bomb survivor, said he did not quite understand the fuss about the president’s visit. While he welcomes it, and hopes Mr. Obama will speak of a nuclear-free world, he said he was not expecting much. A visit to Nagasaki, he said, is not necessary.

87歲的原爆倖存者深堀芳年（Yoshitoshi Fukahori，音）說，他不明白爲什麼奧巴馬來訪會攪起這麼多波瀾。雖然他對此次訪問表示歡迎，而且希望奧巴馬能談及無核世界的話題，但他說自己不抱太多期望。沒必要來長崎，他說。

“After long experience, I see people get their hopes up, and then are disappointed,” he said. “So I don’t want to put too much stock in words.”

“這麼長時間過去，我看到人們燃起希望，然後又感到失望，”他說。“所以我不太看重口頭上的那一套。”