反恐氣氛中的城市設計 美國大使館新樓

When the new US embassy in London, just along the river Thames from Battersea power station, opens its doors in late 2016, it will be one of the most secure buildings in Britain.

當位於倫敦的美國大使館新樓於2016年末正式啓用時——它位於泰晤士河畔的巴特西發電廠(Battersea Power Station)附近——將是英國保安最嚴密的建築之一。

Architects KieranTimberlake trumpet its high-spec, high-security features: “In contrast to high perimeter walls and fences, security requirements are achieved through landscape design — such as the large pond, low garden walls with bench seating, and differences in elevation that create natural, unobtrusive barriers.”

建築師事務所基蘭•廷伯雷克(Kieran Timberlake)誇耀其高規格、高度安全的特色：“保安要求是通過景觀設計來實現的，而沒有采用高圍牆和柵欄——例如寬闊的池塘，低矮的花園圍牆搭配長條座椅，以及通過高度差異創建的自然而不突兀的屏障。”

The embassy’s own description of the building as “modern, welcoming, safe” sums up the challenge planners have in reconciling the conflicting desires for security and openness in contemporary urban environments.

大使館自身對這座建築的描述是“現代、友好、安全”，這概括了設計師們在當代城市環境中調和安全與開放這對相互衝突的目的時面臨的挑戰。

But while the embassy design is a far cry from the more obviously militarised current site in Grosvenor Square, critics say it is emblematic of a broader trend.

雖然新大使館的設計與位於格羅夫納廣場(Grosvenor Square)風格明顯更加軍事化的美國大使館現址相去甚遠，但評論家們稱其代表了一股更加廣泛的潮流。

The past decade, has seen highly defended spaces spring up across towns and cities, creating what some describe as a hostile “fortresslike” environment.

過去10年來，高度戒備的建築空間在各個城鎮拔地而起，營造出了被某些人描述爲“像堡壘一樣的”帶有敵意的環境。

The new US embassy is “like a Norman castle,” says Stephen Graham, professor of cities and society at Newcastle University. “It even has a moat and is set back, with empty space to protect it from truck bombs or blast,” he adds. “This is the logic of what an antiterrorist city would look like.”

美國大使館新樓“看起來像一座諾曼式城堡”，英國紐卡斯爾大學(Newcastle University)研究城市與社會的教授斯蒂芬•格雷厄姆(Stephen Graham)表示。“它甚至有一條護城河，並且佈局靠後，留出了空蕩蕩的空間以防備卡車炸彈或者爆炸，”他補充稱。“這種構思體現出了一座反恐城市會有的樣子。”

Such fortified buildings are one aspect of a trend that has introduced several forms of “defensible space” into the landscape. A public outcry greeted the “anti-homeless” spikes that were spotted fixed into the ground outside a private apartment block in south London’s Southwark Bridge Road last summer.

這種加強防禦的建築是潮流的一個側面，這股潮流將多種形式的“可防禦空間”引入了城市景觀。去年夏天，倫敦南部南華橋路(Southwark Bridge Road)一棟私人公寓樓外的地面被發現嵌入了“防範無家可歸者的”尖釘，此事激起了強烈的公衆抗議。

Boris Johnson, London’s mayor, called them “ugly, self-defeating and stupid” and they were later removed.

時任倫敦市長鮑里斯•約翰遜(Boris Johnson)將這些尖釘稱爲是“醜陋、適得其反和愚蠢的”，隨後這些尖釘被移除。

Retailers have courted controversy by installing so-called “Mosquito” alarms, which emit a high-pitched sound heard only by young people and babies, to discourage loitering.

零售商們安裝的所謂“蚊子”警報器也很容易招致爭議，這種裝置通過發出只有年輕人和嬰幼兒聽得到的高頻聲音來阻止他們在店內逗留。

In New York, spiked coverings have been attached to fire hydrants to prevent people sitting on them. Other examples include sloped bus shelter seats, park benches you cannot lie down on and the Camden bench, designed to deter skateboarders.

在紐約，消防栓上被安裝了帶有尖釘的覆蓋物，以防止人們坐在消防栓上。其他例子還包括帶有坡度的公車站座椅，讓你無法平躺其上的公園長椅，以及坎姆登區(Camden)爲了阻止滑板玩家而設計的水泥長凳。

The term “defensible space” was coined by the US architect Oscar Newman in the 1970s. This spawned an industry based on the principles of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED), ideas that journeyed across the Atlantic and have a far-reaching influence on urban policy through, for example, the UK police’s initiative, Secured by Design.

“可防禦空間”這個詞是美國建築師奧斯卡•紐曼(Oscar Newman)在20世紀70年代發明的。這一理念催生了基於通過環境設計預防犯罪（Crime Prevention through Environmental Design，簡稱CPTED）原則的一個產業，相關創意傳播至大西洋彼岸，對城市政策產生了深遠影響，英國警方的安全設計(Secured by Design)倡議就是一例。

Prof Graham comments: “We are redesigning the city so that anyone who doesn’t move is deemed a threat, which includes someone who is pregnant, who has young kids or a disability.

格雷厄姆教授評論稱：“我們正在重新設計城市，使任何不在移動的人都被看成了威脅，這其中包括孕婦、帶有年幼子女的人或者殘疾人。

I can’t deny there are attacks and dangers and vulnerabilities, but sometimes those are exaggerated and the terrorist threat becomes a massive obsession.”

我不否認存在恐怖襲擊、危險以及安全漏洞，但有些時候這些因素被誇大了，恐怖主義威脅變成了一種讓人糾結的東西。”

Phoebe Boulton Jaggi, a student at the London College of Communication who has researched antisocial street furniture says cities become “more liveable for consumers and less liveable for other people”.

菲比•博爾頓•賈吉(Phoebe Boulton Jaggi)是倫敦傳媒學院(London College of Communication)的一名學生，她曾研究反社會的街道公共設施。

While architects may attract support for building defences into potential targets such as the US embassy, critics object to fortress security levels grafted on to other public buildings, including schools, hospitals and housing.

賈吉稱，城市正變得“對消費者更加宜居，對其他人羣不那麼宜居”。儘管建築師將防禦設計融入潛在襲擊目標（如美國大使館）或許會獲得支持，但評論家們反對將堡壘級的保安設施移植到其他公共建築上，例如學校、醫院和住宅區。

These often incorporate features such as high-perimeter fencing, barbed wire and CCTV cameras.

這類保安設施準往往包括高聳的防護圍欄、帶刺鐵絲網和閉路電視攝像頭。

“Secured by Design has become the template for all new development today,” says Anna Minton, author of Ground Control and reader in architecture at the University of East London.

《地面控制》(Ground Control)一書作者、東倫敦大學(University of East London)建築學準教授安娜•敏頓(Anna Minton)表示：“安全設計已經成了當今所有新開發項目的基本模板。”

The threat of terrorism has become the “justification for ever-increasing security” as part of the daily environment, she adds.

她補充稱，恐怖主義威脅成了“保安日益升級的理由”，這些設施成爲了日常環境的一部分。

Secured by Design, wholly-owned by the Association of Chief Police Officers, was formed in 1989. It supports the concept of “designing out crime”, with, for example, specially constructed doors and fencing, which, it says, can reduce burglary by 75 per cent.

安全設計創立於1989年，由英國警察局長協會(British Association of Chief Police Officers)全資所有。該機構支持“用設計預防犯罪”的理念，比如藉助特別設計的門和圍欄，能將盜竊案減少75%。

“Security measures can be invisible,” says Jon Cole, Secured by Design’s national operations manager. “If you build in security at the outset, then the building will generally be far more aesthetically pleasing.”

安全設計的全國運營經理喬恩•科爾(Jon Cole)表示，“安保措施可以是無形的。如果你從一開始就在建築中融入安保設計，那麼這種建築在外形上通常會更加美觀。”

There has been something of a reaction to hyper-securitised, exclusive city spaces. London’s Oxford Circus is an example of the European idea of “shared space”, which focuses on improving traffic safety through the removal of barriers, roundabouts and even traffic lights.

安保措施過於嚴格而又排外的城市空間激起了某些反應。倫敦的牛津圓環(Oxford Circus)就是一個體現歐洲“共享空間”理念的例子。爲了提高交通安全性，有關部門在這裏移除障礙物、環形交叉口甚至交通信號燈。

In the US, organisations such as San Francisco Rebar, a landscape design group, are influencing the debate on public space. Meanwhile, in Hamburg, designer Oliver Schau has used yellow drainage pipes to create impromptu “guerrilla seating” in urban areas.

在美國，舊金山的景觀設計機構Rebar等組織正在對有關公共空間的辯論產生影響。與此同時，在漢堡，設計師奧利弗•紹(Oliver Schau)利用黃色排水管在城區即興創造出了“遊擊座椅”。

In Canada, RainCity Housing, an independent charity that helps the homeless, installed a roofed bench in the city to provide shelter to street sleepers, in contrast to the anti-homeless spikes that have made their appearance on London’s streets.

在加拿大，旨在幫助無家可歸者的獨立慈善組織雨城住房(RainCity Housing)在市區安裝了帶有頂棚的長椅，爲露宿街頭者提供庇護。這與倫敦街頭曾經出現的防備無家可歸者的尖釘形成了鮮明對比。

Prof Graham thinks the debate will intensify. “Raising awareness of what is going on is a challenge,” he says. “It is such a massive thing for people to get their heads round.”

格雷厄姆教授認爲，相關辯論將會變得更加激烈。“提高公衆對當前狀況的認識是一項挑戰，”他表示。“這是一個需要人們大費腦筋才能理解的宏大問題。”