報告稱全球男女80年後才能完全平等

Every year, the World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Report takes stock of where the world stands on gender parity. The newest survey covers 136 economies, most of which have been included since the report’s first edition eight years ago. The report measures the gaps between women and men on education, health, economic participation and political empowerment. Countries are compared and ranked on gender gaps in these four areas and on an index of overall gender parity.
世界經濟論壇(WEF)每年都會發布《全球性別差距報告》(Global Gender Gap Report)，評估世界範圍內的性別平等狀況。最新的調查覆蓋了136個經濟體，其中大部分經濟體從八年前首份報告發布起，就一直在覆蓋範圍內。報告評估了女性和男性在教育、健康、經濟參與以及政治賦權方面的差距。各國根據這四個領域的性別差距獲得排名，還分別獲得一個綜合性的性別平等指數。

The good news is that gender gaps, while still wide in many countries, are narrowing in most parts of the world. More than 80 per cent of the countries covered have improved. The gaps in education and health have nearly disappeared in many nations. The bad news is that large gaps in economic and political participation persist even in many developed nations. At the current pace of change, women will not approach full parity on these indicators for another 80 years. That is a huge squandered opportunity not only for several generations of women but for their families, their societies and the world.
好消息是，雖然在很多國家兩性差距依然很大，但在世界大多數地區，這一差距正在縮小。接受調查的國家中，超過80%的國家成功縮小了性別差距。在很多國家，教育和健康方面的差距已接近消失。壞消息是，即使在很多發達國家，兩性在經濟和政治參與方面還存在很大差距。按照當前的變化速度，女性要到80年後才能在這些方面獲得完全的平等。這不僅對幾代女性來說是一個被浪費的巨大機遇，對於她們的家庭、社會以及整個世界來說都是如此。

To be sure, gender gaps vary enormously among nations. We find that the highest ranking country in the world – Iceland – has closed over 87 per cent of its overall gender gap. By contrast, the lowest ranking country – Yemen – has closed only 51 per cent of this gap.
應當指出的是，各國之間性別差距各不相同。我們發現，在排名最高的國家——冰島，兩性的整體差距已經彌合了87%。與此形成對比的是，在排名最低的也門，性別差距只縮小了51%。

Education is a success story for most of the world and progress is not limited to wealthy countries. Globally, we estimate that 93 per cent of the gender gap in schooling has now disappeared. In 12 countries, including Lesotho and the United Arab Emirates, the literacy rate for women is actually higher than that for men. In 35 countries, girls are more likely than boys to be enrolled in primary education. In 68 countries, more girls than boys are enrolled in secondary education. At the university level, 69 countries have more women enrolled than men.
對於世界上大部分地區來說，兩性差距在教育方面的改善比較顯著，且進步不僅侷限於富裕國家。全球來看，調查結果顯示，在教育方面的兩性差距已消失了93%。在萊索托和阿聯酋等12個國家，女性識字率實際上還高於男性。35個國家的女孩接受小學教育的可能性要大於男孩。68個國家接受中學教育的女孩要多於男孩。在大學教育層面，69個國家中女生人數多於男生。

The gender gap on health is even smaller. There are some notable exceptions, of course. In China, India, Vietnam and Azerbaijan, for example, female-male birth ratios are still abnormally low. In other nations, such as Bangladesh, Pakistan, Botswana and Qatar, the healthy life expectancy of women is lower than that of men. But the global trend is in the opposite direction. We estimate that 96 per cent of the global gender gap in health has disappeared.
健康方面的性別差距則更小，當然也有一些明顯的例外。比如在中國、印度、越南以及阿塞拜疆，女嬰/男嬰出生比仍低得反常。在其他國家，比如孟加拉國、巴基斯坦、博茨瓦納和卡塔爾，女性的平均健康期望壽命要低於男性。但全球趨勢與之相反。調查顯示，在健康方面，96%的全球性別差距已經消失。

This is dramatic progress, but it is only part of the story. The gender gaps in economic participation and political power remain much wider – even in many wealthy nations. These gaps also differ significantly among countries. Some of the highest female labour-participation rates are in Malawi, Mozambique and Burundi, where women make up a larger portion of the workforce than men. By contrast, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Algeria and Syria have some of the world’s lowest female labour force participation rates. No country has reached parity on wages. While women hold more than 50 per cent of top management roles in the private and public sector in Jamaica and the Philippines, they make up less than 3 per cent of these positions in Pakistan and Yemen. In the US, women hold 43 per cent of these roles.
這是長足的進步，但還不是全貌。在經濟參與和政治權力方面，兩性差距依然很大，就連很多富裕國家也是如此。這些差距在不同國家也各有不同。女性參與工作比率最高的國家，包括馬拉維、莫桑比克以及布隆迪，在這些國家中女性在勞動力隊伍中所佔比重高於男性。而巴基斯坦、沙特阿拉伯、阿爾及利亞以及敘利亞的女性參與工作比率爲全球最低。沒有一個國家實現了同工同酬。雖然牙買加和菲律賓的私人和公共部門頂級管理層中，女性佔50%以上，但在巴基斯坦和也門這一比例不到3%。在美國，女性在這些崗位的比重爲43%。

With rare exceptions, politics is an area where women fare poorly around the world. No country has reached parity on women in parliament except Rwanda, which is not covered in our report because we lacked other data. In Yemen and Qatar, there are no women in the equivalent of their parliamentary bodies. Norway has the highest share of ministerial posts held by women – 53 per cent – but 10 countries have no female ministers at all. No country has reached parity on the number of years with a female head of government. India ranks first on that indicator, whereas 65 per cent of countries have never had a female head of government over the past 50 years.
除了極少數例外，政治方面世界各地女性的地位都很低。除了盧旺達，沒有哪個國家實現了女性在議會議席上的平等（因爲缺乏其他數據，盧旺達並不包含在我們的報告中）。在也門和卡塔爾，議會中沒有女性。挪威女性部長比例最高（53%），但有10個國家根本就沒有女性部長級官員。沒有哪個國家女性政府首腦的任期與男性實現平等。在這點上印度排名第一，而65%的國家在過去50年裏根本就沒有女性政府首腦。

Based on the changes we have tracked over much of the past decade, we estimate that the world will not reach full gender parity for another 80 years. And that projection may well be too optimistic, given that the countries that do not supply data on gender parity may well be those with the worst imbalances.
基於過去十年大部分時間裏追蹤到的變化，報告預測，世界要到80年後才能實現完全的性別平等。考慮到沒有提供性別平等數據的國家可能就是性別最失衡的國家，這一預期可能過於樂觀了。

There is nothing natural about the pace of change – it depends on the decisions of individuals, governments and businesses to prioritise long-term returns from gender equality over short-term convenience. So who is winning the race to equality?
變化的步伐並不是自然而然的，它取決於個人、政府以及公司更加註重性別平等所帶來的長期回報，而不是短期便利。那麼在性別平等的競賽中誰是贏家呢？We find four distinct groups. The first group includes countries that have had an overall good performance since 2006 (above the median) and are moving ahead rapidly. This group includes Belgium, Switzerland, Lesotho, Luxembourg and Iceland. Iceland is not only already the top-ranked country, but it also has had the fastest rate of progress over the past eight years in closing the gender gap. These countries have essentially closed their health and education gaps already and they are moving ahead rapidly on integrating more women into the economy and politics.
我們發現被調查國家分成四個特徵鮮明的類別。第一類包括2006年以來整體表現比較好（中等以上）、而且進步較快的國家。這一類包括比利時、瑞士、萊索托、盧森堡以及冰島。冰島不僅已經是排名最高的國家，也是過去八年中消除性別差距進步最快的國家。這些國家基本上消除了在健康和教育方面的差距，也在快速讓更多女性融入經濟和政治領域。

A second group includes countries that performed above the median in 2006 but have since stalled or even reversed their progress. These countries include El Salvador, Sri Lanka, Botswana, Tanzania and Moldova. In this group, the reversals stem mainly from losses to previous gains in political empowerment.
第二類包括2006年時表現中等以上、但自此之後就停滯甚至倒退的國家，包括薩爾瓦多、斯里蘭卡、博茨瓦納、坦桑尼亞以及摩爾多瓦。倒退主要是因爲此前在政治賦權方面取得的進展又丟失了。

The third group is composed of countries that were below the median in 2006 – and still are – but have made rapid progress since then. Cameroon, Saudi Arabia, Ecuador, Bolivia and Nicaragua fall in this category. In some of these countries, such as Saudi Arabia, women are a majority of university graduates but only a small minority of the labour force and an even smaller share of leadership positions.
第三類包括2006年時處於中等水平以下（現在仍是）、但自那以來進步較快的國家。這一類包括喀麥隆、沙特、厄瓜多爾、玻利維亞和尼加拉瓜。在其中一些國家，比如沙特，女性佔大學畢業生的大多數，但只佔勞動力的一小部分，在領導層中的比例就更低。

Finally, a fourth group includes countries that were below the median in 2006 and are falling further behind. This group includes Albania, Mali, Algeria, Kuwait and Zambia. In most of these countries, basics such as education still need improvement. In others, such as Kuwait, the gender gap in economic participation has actually increased, despite a decline in the gender gap in education.
最後就是第四個類別，包括2006年時處於中等以下水平，並且仍在後退的國家。這類國家包括阿爾巴尼亞、馬裏、阿爾及利亞、科威特以及贊比亞。在其中大多數國家，教育等基礎層面依然需要改善。諸如科威特等其他國家在經濟參與方面的性別差距實際上有所擴大，儘管在教育方面的性別差距有所縮小。

For the world as a whole, the report shows that 96 per cent of health gaps, 93 per cent of education gaps, 60 per cent of economic gaps and only 21 per cent of political gaps have been closed. Globally, women are almost as healthy and as educated as men. Unfortunately, women are still far from full integration and parity in economic and political decision-making. This is a waste of talent and a missed opportunity to build prosperity. A wide array of studies confirms that countries with large gender gaps tend to be less competitive.
從世界整體來看，報告顯示，96%的健康差距，93%的教育差距，60%的經濟差距以及21%的政治差距已經消除。全球來看，女性與男性的健康程度和受教育程度幾乎一樣。不幸的是，在經濟和政治決策方面女性還遠未實現完全的融合和平等。這在創造繁榮的過程中是一種人才的浪費和錯失的機會。大量研究證實，性別差距較大的國家往往競爭力也差一些。

While correlation does not prove causality, the reasoning is quite simple. Empowering women means a more efficient use of a nation’s human capital endowment and therefore over time a nation’s competitiveness depends, among other things, on whether and how it educates and utilises its female talent. Similarly, at the company level the best decision-making and innovation occurs when the female talent pool is fully engaged and integrated.
雖然相關性未必就是因果關係，但推理是非常簡單的。婦女賦權意味着對一個國家人力資本更加高效率的利用，因此隨着時間的轉移，決定一個國家的競爭力的，除了別的因素之外，還有如何教育並利用女性人才。類似地，在公司層面，當女性人才得到充分利用並融合時，就會有最佳的決策和創新。

The fact that women make up more than half of university graduates in many developed countries and in many emerging markets, has transformed the global talent pool. Add to that the growing purchasing power of women and it is clear why governments and companies must take account of the rising economic clout of women as consumers, clients, workers and decision makers. The governments and companies that are quickest to recognise these trends will earn high dividends on their investments in gender parity. In today’s world, women’s rights are not only human rights – they are a key determinant of economic performance and winning the race to prosperity has become synonymous with winning the race to equality.
很多發達國家和新興經濟體大學畢業生中女性佔一半以上，這個事實轉變了全球的人才儲備。再加上女性購買力的增加，顯然，政府和企業必須考慮女性作爲消費者、客戶以及決策者不斷強化的經濟力量。最快意識到這些趨勢的政府和企業，將會從性別平等投資獲得高回報。在今天的世界，女性權利不僅是人權，也是一個關鍵的經濟表現要素。誰贏得了性別平等的競賽，誰就贏得了繁榮競賽。

Laura D. Tyson is a professor of management and director of the Institute for Business and Social Impact at the University of California’s Berkeley-Haas School of Business. Saadia Zahidi is head of the World Economic Forum’s Gender Parity and Human Capital programmes.
勞拉•D•泰森(Laura D. Tyson)是美國加州大學伯克利分校(University of California’s Berkeley)哈斯商學院(Haas School of Business)管理學教授、商業和社會影響研究所(Institute for Business and Social Impact)所長。薩阿迪亞•扎希迪(Saadia Zahidi)是世界經濟論壇性別平等和人力資本項目主管。