IQ測的只是智力嗎？
A new study suggests that the ability of IQ tests to predict your future — in areas such as job success, education and any brushes with the law — has a lot to do with how motivated you are when you take the test.
一項新的研究表明，IQ測試的預測未來能力——在事業成功，教育和跟法律接觸這些方面——跟你測試時的積極性有關。
In other words, an IQ test may provide good insight into a test-taker’s life, “but it might not predict it for the reason you think,” explained study author Angela Lee Duckworth, an assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania.
換句話說，一個IQ測試可以對測試者的生活有很好的瞭解，“但是它不能預測你所認爲的原因。”美國賓夕法尼亞大學副教授，該項研究作者Angela Lee Duckworth說。
Intelligence quotient (IQ) tests are valued in part because researchers have linked scores to success or failure later in life. “It predicts how long you’ll live, whether you’ll stay married, your grade point average,” Duckworth noted.
IQ測試從某種程度上是有用的，因爲研究人員把分數跟後來生活的成功與否聯繫起來。“它預測你的壽命有多長，你是否能維持你的婚姻，你的平均成績。”Duckworth指出。
On top of that, IQ tests seem to measure not only intelligence but the ability to become smarter.
另外，IQ測試不僅測試智力，還測試你變得更聰明的能力。
“Social scientists think they’re accurate measures of how well people can learn: this kid’s got a 120, so they can learn really well,” Duckworth said. “This kid’s got an IQ of 95, so they can’t learn that well.”
“社會科學家認爲這是測試人們學得怎樣的準確方法：這個孩子IQ是120，所以他學得非常好。”Duckworth說。“如果這個孩子的IQ是95，那麼他就學得沒那麼好。”
But not everyone who takes an IQ test gives it their full attention. “I do a lot of work in urban classrooms, and it was salient to me that some of these kids did not care,” Duckworth explained. “They put their pencils and heads down after one or two questions. It was obvious that they were not trying to do it. They hadn’t even started trying.”
但並不是每個人都特別重視IQ測試。“我在市區的教室花了很大風功夫，可是明顯的，一些孩子並不關心。”Duckworth解釋說。“只有一兩個問題他們會用筆和腦記下。很明顯他們不想做這些。他們甚至不進行嘗試。”Duckworth said that she and her colleagues “wanted to know how much of the test’s predictive power is measuring what it should be measuring, and how it much of it is from your actual motivation.”
Duckworth說她和同事們“想知道這個測試對測試它該測試的預測能力有多大，和大部分的預測能力是如何從你的實際動機中產生的。”
They first reviewed previous studies, and found that giving incentives to test-takers to do a good job boosted scores.
他們首先檢查先前的研究，發現鼓勵測試者好好做測試會提高分數。
In addition, the authors analyzed data from a long-term study that followed 250 teenage boys from Pittsburgh into adulthood. They were videotaped while taking an IQ test, and researchers gauged how motivated they appeared.
此外，作者還分析了一個對250個匹茲堡男孩從青少年到成年的長期研究數據。他們進行IQ測試時被錄到錄像帶上，然後研究人員判斷他們表現的積極性有多高。
When they adjusted their statistics to take away the influence of motivation upon the results, the researchers found that the IQ tests did a poorer job of predicting what would happen to the boys later in life.
當他們調整信息降低積極性對結果的影響時，研究人員發現IQ測試對這些男孩後來生活的預測能力不準確。
It’s possible that some of the things that make someone motivated — compliance, a natural interest in solving problems, competitiveness — are high in those who do well on the tests and may help them do better in life, Duckworth said.
很可能是有些事提高某些人的積極性——服從，對解決問題的天生興趣，競爭——都是那些在測試中表現較好，幫助他們生活中過得更好的人較常出現。
However, the findings “don’t say these IQ scores are all about motivation,” Duckworth said. “It’s not saying anyone can get 140 if they try hard enough.”
然而，調查結果“並沒有說這些IQ分數都是跟積極性有關的。”Duckworth說。“這並不是說如果一個人非常努力，他的IQ就能達到140.”
Robert Sternberg, a psychology professor and provost at Oklahoma State University, praised the study but added that the findings aren’t exactly shocking. “To almost anyone except some subset of those psychologists who study IQ testing, it will come as little surprise that motivation is an extremely powerful determinant of performance in school and in life,” he said.
心理學教授和克拉荷馬州州立大學教務長Robert Sternberg贊成這個研究，但表明調查結果還不完全令人震驚。“除了研究IQ測試的一些小團體，幾乎所有人都不會對積極性是在學習和生活中表現的決定性因素感到驚訝。”他說。
