中考英語重難點語法詳解介詞和連詞與否定方式
介詞不能單獨作句子成分，但介詞在介詞短語中是兩個實質性結構成分中(介詞+名詞性詞語)的一個;而連詞在實質性結構中只起連接作用.何學好英語?小編在這裏整理了相關資料，快來學習學習吧!
中考英語重難點語法詳解介詞和連詞
1.介詞的功能
介詞是一種虛詞，用來表示名詞或相當於名詞的其它詞語句中其它詞的關係，不能單獨使用。介詞可與名詞或相當於名詞的其它詞構成介詞短語。介詞短語可在句中作定語，狀語，表語和賓語補足語。例如：
The boy over there is John’s brother. (定語)
The girl will be back in two hours. (狀語)
Our English teacher is from Australia. (表語)
Help yourself to some fish. (賓語補足語)
2.常用介詞的用法辨析
(1)表時間的介詞
1)at, in on
表示時間點用at。例如：at six o’clock, at noon, at midnight。表示在某個世紀，某年，某月，某個季節以及早晨，上午，下午，晚上時，用in。例如：in the ninettenth century, in 2002, in may, in winter, in the morning, in the afternoon等。表示具體的某一天和某一天的上午，下午，晚上時，用on。例如：on Monday, on July 1st, on Sunday morning等。
2)since, after
由since和after 引導的詞組都可表示從過去某一點開始的時段，但since詞組表示的時段一直延續到說話的時刻，因而往往要與現在完成時連用。而after詞組所表示的時段純系過去，因而要與一般過去時連用。例如：
I haven’t heard from him since last summer.
After five days the boy came back.
3)in, after
in與將來時態連用時，表示“過多長時間以後”的意思，後面跟表示一段時間的詞語。After與將來時態連用時，後面只能跟表示時間點的詞語。After與過去時態連用時，後面才能跟表示一段時間的詞語。例如：
He will be back in two months.
He will arrive after four o’clock.
He returned after a month.
(2)表示地點的介詞
1)at, in, on
at一般指小地方;in一般指大地方或某個範圍之內;on往往表示“在某個物體的表面”。例如：
He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.
They arrived at a small village before dark.
There is a big hole in the wall.
The teacher put up a picture on the wall.
2)over, above, on
over, on和above都可表示“在……上面”，但具體含義不同。Over表示位置高於某物，在某物的正上方，其反義詞是under。 above也表示位置高於某物，但不一定在正上方，其反義詞是below。On指兩個物體表面接觸，一個在另一的上面。例如：
There is a bridge over the river.
We flew above the clouds.
They put some flowers on the teacher’s desk.
3)across, through
across和through均可表示“從這一邊到另一邊”，但用法不同。Across的含義與on有關，表示動作在某一物體的表面進行。Throgh的含義與in有關，表示動作是在三維空間進行。例如：
The dog ran across the grass.
The boy swam across the river.
They walked through the forest.
I pushed through the crowds.
4) in front of, in the front of
in front of 表示“在某人或某物的前面”，在某個範圍以外;in the front of 表示“在……的前部”，在某個範圍以內。例如：
There are some tall trees in front of the building.
The teacher is sitting in the front of the classroom.
3.介詞的固定搭配
介詞往往同其他詞類形成了固定搭配關係。記住這種固定搭配關係，才能正確使用介詞。
(1)介詞與動詞的搭配
listen to , laugh at, get to, look for wait for, hear from, turn on, turn off, worry about, think of, look after, spend…on…， 等。
(2)介詞與名詞的搭配
on time, in time, by bus, on foot, with pleasure, on one’s way to, in trouble, at breakfast, at the end of, in the end等。
(3)介詞與形容詞的搭配
be late for, be afraid of, be good at, be interested in, be angry with, be full of, be sorry for等。
4.連詞的功能
用來連接詞，短語，從句或句子的詞叫連詞。連詞是一種虛詞，在句中不能單獨使用。連詞可分爲兩類：並列連詞和從屬連詞。
5.並列連詞
並列連詞用來連接具有並列關係的詞，短語或句子。常見的並列連詞有：
(1)表並列關係的and, both…and, not only…but also, neither…nor等。
(2)表選擇關係的or, either…or等。
(3)錶轉折關係的but, while等。
(4)表因果關係的for, so等。
6.從屬連詞
從屬連詞用來引導從句。常見的從屬連詞有：
(1)引導時間狀語從句的after, before, when, while, as, until, till, since, as soon as等。(2)引導條件狀語從句的if, unless等。
(3)引導原因狀語從句的because, as, since等。
(4)引導目的狀語從句的so that, in order that等。
(5)引導讓步狀語從句的though, although, even if等。
(6)引導結果狀語從句的so that, so…that, such…that等。
(7)引導比較狀語從句的than, as…as等。
(8)引導名詞從句的that, if , whether等。
7.常用連詞的用法辨析
(1)while, when, as
這三個連詞都可引導時間狀語從句，但用法有所不同。
1)當某事正在進行的時候，又發生了另一件事。While, when, as 都可用來引導表示“背景”的時間狀語從句。例如：
As/When/While I was walking down the street I noticed a police car.
2)當兩個長動作同時進行的時候，最常用的是while。例如：
While mother was cooking lunch, I was doing my homework.
3)當兩個動作都表示發展變化的情況時，最常用的是as。例如：
As children get older, they become more and more interested in things around them.
4)當兩個短動作同時發生時，或表示“一邊…一邊…”時，最常用as。例如：
Just as he caught the fly, he gave a loud cry.
She looked behind from time to time as she went
5)當從句的動作先於主句的動作時，通常用when。例如：
When he finished his work, he took a short rest.
6)當從句是瞬間動作，主句是延續性動作時，通常用when。例如：
When John arrived I was cooking lunch.
(2)as, because, since , for
這四個詞都可表原因，但用法有區別。
1)如果原因構成句子的最主要部分，一般用because。因此，because引導的從句往往放在句末。例如：
I stayed at home because it rained.
---Why aren’t you going?
---Because I don’t want to.
2)如果原因已被人們所知，或不如句子的其它部分重要，就用as或since。Since比as稍微正式一點。As和since 引導的從句一般放在句子的開頭。例如：
As he wasn’t ready, we left without him.
Since I have no money, I can’t buy any food.
3)for用來補充說明一種理由，因此，for引導的從句幾乎可以放在括號裏。For引導的句子不放在句子的開頭。例如：
I decided to stop and have lunch----for I was feeling quite /
(3)if, whether
if和whether都可作“是否”講，在引導賓與從句是一般可互換。例如：
I wonder whether (if) you still study in that school.
I don’t know whether (if) he likes that film.
在下列情況下，只能用whether,不能用if：
1)引導主語從句時。例如：
Whether he will come to the party is unknown.
2)引導表語從句時。例如：
The question is whether I can pass the exam.
3)在不定式前。例如：
I haven’t made up my mind whether to go there or not.
(4)so…that, such…that
1)so…that中的so是個副詞，其後只能跟形容詞或副詞，而such…that中的such是個形容詞，後接名詞或名詞短語。例如：
I’m so tired that I can’t walk any farther.
It was such a warm day that he went swimming.
2)如果在名詞之前有many, much, little, few時，用so,不用such。例如：
He has so little education that he is unable to get a job.
I have had so many falls that I am black and blue all over.
(5)either…or…， neither…nor, not only…but also…
這三個連詞詞組都可連接兩個並列成分。當它們連接兩個並列主語時，
謂語動詞要隨相鄰的主語變化。例如：
Either you or he is wrong.
Neither he nor his children like fish.
Not only the teacher but also the students want to buy the book.
(6)although, but
這兩個連詞不能用在同一個句子中。例如：我們不能說“Although he is
over sixty, but he works as hard as others.”這個句子應改爲：Although he is over sixty, he works as hard as others.或He is over sixty, but he works as hard as others.
(7)because, so
這兩個連詞同樣不能用在同一個句子中。例如：我們不能說“Because John
was ill, so I took him to the doctor.” 這個句子應改爲Because John was ill, I took him to the doctor.或John was ill, so I took him to the doctor.
初中英語的八種否定形式
· 01 ·
完全否定英語中的完全否定可以用：
not, no, never, none, nobody, nothing, , nowhere等表示。
如：
ing is difficult for him. 沒什麼難得到他。
never has beef. 瑪麗從來不吃牛肉。
her answer is correct. 兩種答案都不對。
· 02 ·
部分否定英語中表示“全體”意義的代詞, 形容詞或副詞。
如：all, both, altogether, always, completely, every day, everyone, everything, everywhere, every, everybody, many, often等
與not搭配時，通常表示部分否定，意思是“並非都是”“不完全是”“不是每個都是”等。
如：
everyone was amused by these April Fool's jokes.
並不是每個人都覺得這些玩笑有趣。
likes and dislikes do not always seem related to nutrition. 對食物的好惡似乎並不總與營養有關。
比較：
Nothing makes him happy.
(全部否定)沒有哪一件事情讓他開心。
Not everything makes him happy.
(部分否定)並不是每一件事都讓他開心。
None of the students went to visit the science museum last week.(完全否定)上週沒有一個學生去參觀科技博物館。
Not all of the students went to visit the science museum last week.(部分否定)上週並不是所有的學生都去參觀了科技博物館。
· 03·
幾乎否定一些半否定詞表否定之意。他們不可再與否定詞連用，他們與謂語肯定式連用，構成幾乎否定句。
如：hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, few等詞。
如：
1.I could hardly hear what he said.
我幾乎沒聽見他說了什麼。
e is little water in the bottle, isn't there?
瓶子裏幾乎沒有水，不是嗎?
· 04 ·
雙重否定雙重否定句由【not + 具有否定意義的詞】構成，形成“否定+否定=肯定”的語言效果。
雙重否定可以表示強調，也可以表示委婉的含義。
如：
name can't escape me forever.
我永遠忘不了她的名字。
songs never fail to make the children smile.
這些歌曲一向都能使孩子微笑。
· 05 ·
轉移否定轉移否定，即句中的否定雖然出現在謂語部分，否定範圍卻不在主句謂語動詞本身，而轉移到了句子中的賓語、狀語或其他成分上。這種形式在初中比較常見的有以下兩種情況：
1.轉移否定多用於表思維活動
如：believe(相信), expect(期望), hope(希望), imagine(想象), think(認爲)等。
例如：
I don't think he will pass the exam.
我認爲他考試會不及格的。
2.主句的謂語動詞是表感覺的系動詞，通常也用於轉移否定句
這類動詞有：seem(好像), feel(感覺), appear(出現), look like(看起來像)等。
如：
It doesn't look like it's going to rain.=It looks like it isn't going to rain. 好象不會下雨。
No matter how hard he studies, he never seems to be able to pass the exam. 不管他多麼努力的學習，他似乎永遠也考不及格。
· 06 ·
運用某些結構表達否定意義 太……而不能
He is too tired to walk. 他太累了，走不動了。
A than B(與其B不如A)或more than +含有can的從句
The young man is more brave than wise.
這年輕人有勇無謀。
The gratitude for your help is more than I can express.
對於你給我的感激之情我無法言表。
er to do sth rather than do sth 寧願(喜歡)……而不願……，如：
He prefers to write his letters rather than dictate them.
他喜歡自己寫信而不願口授自己的信。
· 07 ·
運用含否定意義的詞或詞組表否定意義1.動詞短語表否定意義
如：
differ from 與……不同
... 喜歡……而不喜歡……
keep/prevent/stop/protect ... from 阻止，使……不
keep off 不接近， 不讓……接近
lose sight of 看不見
例如：
The Great Green Wall stops the sand from moving to the rich land in the south.
綠色長城阻止了風沙吹向南方肥沃的田地。
He lost sight of his wife and went away alone.
他沒看見他的妻子，獨自走了。
Sally prefers singing to dancing.
莎麗喜歡唱歌而不喜歡跳舞。
2.動詞表否定意義
如，absent(缺席), fail(不及格), refuse(拒絕), miss(未趕上，錯過), escape(被……忘掉)等。
例如：
Why did you absent yourself from school yesterday?
昨天你爲什麼不來上學?
He missed the 9:30 train and therefore missed the accident.
他沒趕上9:30的那班火車,也因此而逃過那次車禍.
3.介詞表否定意義
without(無，沒有), against(反對), beyond(超出，無法), except/but(除……外), past(超過), off(離開), above(超出……之外)等。
例如：
I can't finish the work without your help.
沒有你的幫助,我完不成這工作。
His conduct has always been above suspicion.
他的行爲一直無可置疑。
His stupidity is past all belief.
他的愚蠢簡直不可思義。
· 08 ·
運用連詞before unless等
引導的狀語表否定意義如：
WangWei went to bed before he finished his homework.
王偉沒完成作業就睡覺了。
Unless you put on your overcoat, you'll catch a cold.
如果你不穿大衣,你就會感冒。
