解答託福閱讀細節題時要怎麼投機取巧
爲了幫助大家備考託福閱讀，下面我想跟大家分享託福閱讀細節題解答如何投機取巧，利用文章本身給出的條件快速做題。先提醒一下，投機取巧只是錦上添花的，而不是主菜。
解答託福閱讀細節題時要怎麼投機取巧
託福閱讀細節題解答投機取巧一：
帶程度副詞的，比如only well clearly往往都是錯的，這種選項往往很有迷惑性，因爲它看似是同義轉述，實際確擴大或縮小了詞義(說的好抽象 呵呵)
比如原文說，我打了他，選項：I hit him severely，這個選項一定是錯的，人家有沒說怎麼打的，又沒說經脈盡斷，你爲什麼要主觀臆斷他狠狠的打了呢??!!這個不僅僅適用於細節題，還適用於推斷題，講推斷題的時候我給大家舉個例子。
託福閱讀細節題解答投機取巧二：
類似於程度副詞，一般有more than或者比較級的都是錯的，原文沒有比較，你不能自己給人家比較，比如說她很美，選項是她比楊冪美，(楊冪是我最喜歡的女明星哈)，那麼這個選項都是錯的。哪怕是對的，我也不會選，因爲在我心中，楊冪是最美的 呵呵!
託福閱讀細節題解答投機取巧三：
敏感於數字，當定位句中有數字的時候，數字之間的比較就是考點。
For example：
Paragraph 9： The muscles of these fishes and the mechanism that maintains a warm body temperature are also highly efficient. A bluefin tuna in water of 7°C(45°F) can maintain a core temperature of over 25°C(77°F). This warm body temperature may help not only the muscles to work better， but also the brain and the eyes. The billfishes have gone one step further. They have evolved special "heaters" of modified muscle tissue that warm the eyes and brain， maintaining peak performance of these critical organs.
10. According to paragraph 9， which of the following is true of bluefin tunas?
○Their eyes and brain are more efficient than those of any other fish.
○Their body temperature can change greatly depending on the water temperature.
○They can swim in waters that are much colder than their own bodies.
○They have special muscle tissue that warms their eyes and brain.
解析：
第一步先找關鍵詞，關鍵詞是bluefin tunas，這兩個詞不認識，沒關係，到現在我都不認識，直接換成BT就可以了，
第二步回去找定位句，在第二句中首次出現了BT，並且出現了兩組數字，那麼這兩組數字的比較就是考點。
第三步，讀明白這句話，在7°水中的BT可以有一個超過25°的核心溫度。
第四步，看選項吧，
A選項，就是我剛說完的無恥技巧2，more than是錯的，原文是說了eyes and brain，也給了很高的評價，說maintaining peak performance of these critical organs. 但是卻沒有和其它生物比較，所以它是錯的。
B選項，無恥技巧1出現了，greatly，誰告訴你greatly了??!!!即使你不會這個技巧，這個選項本身就是與原文相反的，它們的能力是在不同的水溫中保持穩定的體溫，而不是change。
C選項，無恥技巧3，數字的比較，7°的水 和25°的體溫，就是in waters that are much colder than their own bodies.
D選項，我之前說的細節題選項的錯誤特徵裏面的第三種，比較有迷惑性的，原文有，但是不在定位句之內，關鍵詞是bluefin tunas，D選項說的是The billfishes，考點信息之外。
託福閱讀細節題解答投機取巧四：
這個算不上無恥技巧，正常的思路吧，原文說A和B不同，B有C特徵，那麼答案是A沒有C特徵。這種題比較考讀長句的能力，通常形式是
A differ from B，which(B的定語從句，說明B的特徵C)
或是unlike A，B怎麼怎麼有C的特徵，
e.g.
Paragraph 4： With the advent of projection in 1895-1896， motion pictures became the ultimate form of mass consumption. Previously， large audiences had viewed spectacles at the theater， where vaudeville， popular dramas， musical and minstrel shows， classical plays， lectures， and slide-and-lantern shows had been presented to several hundred spectators at a time. But the movies differed significantly from these other forms of entertainment， which depended on either live performance or (in the case of the slide-and-lantern shows) the active involvement of a master of ceremonies who assembled the final program.
6. According to paragraph 4， how did the early movies differ from previous spectacles that were presented to large audiences?
○They were a more expensive form of entertainment.
○They were viewed by larger audiences.
○They were more educational.
○They did not require live entertainers.
第一步，還有找關鍵詞early movies和previous spectacles，你要注意了，early movies就是上面說的A，previous spectacles就是B，那麼尋找B的特徵就ok了。
第二步，找定位句吧，我說了無非兩種 一個differ from的 一個unlike的，很容易找到了But the movies differed significantly from these other forms of entertainment， which depended on either live performance or (in the case of the slide-and-lantern shows) the active involvement of a master of ceremonies who assembled the final program.
第三步，分析，But the movies(A) differed significantly from these other forms of entertainment(B)， which(定語從句說出B的特徵)
depended on either live performance or (in the case of the slide-and-lantern shows) the active involvement of a master of ceremonies who assembled the final program.
Or後面的成分，我之前說過 a1ora2讀一個即可，所以，後面很長很鬧心的部分，不讀了!
第四步，ABC我們都找到了，回頭看選項吧，
選項A 原文沒提的
選項B 無恥技巧2 不能比較
選項C 還有原文沒提的
選項D did not require live entertainers.不就是沒有B的depended on either live performance的特徵麼
託福閱讀細節題的總結到此爲止，技巧的東西要活學活用，自己先看看理解了，然後運用到做題中變成你自己的，做題的時候要不以對喜，不以錯悲，給你篇阿拉伯語的閱讀按照機率亂選你也能對三四個，所以，每道題都要認真反思，弄清楚出題思路和選項設置，這樣纔能有提高!不然就陷入了the more you 作，the more you 錯的痛苦深淵!
節省時間 託福閱讀審題不要出聲讀
我們對一個句子的理解，有很多種解釋。通常人們看到一個句子，會首先確定單詞。這個時間很快，快到我們反映不過來，不過語言學家們已經證實有這個過程。確定單詞後，大腦會反應單詞的意思。最先反應的是經常用到的意思。比如The old manthe boat. 這裏，眼睛定位單詞後，大腦迅速把old man認爲是一個名詞組。當我們接着看，感覺不對，纔會回頭去分析這個句子。
這個理論告訴我們，你大腦中的高頻詞，直接影響你對句子的理解。應用到託福閱讀考試中，各位需要把各個學科的高頻詞多看一下，比如生物的光合作用、新陳代謝，地理的地殼、_X岩石之類的。 對各種名詞片語、動詞片語進行修飾的形容詞，副詞。說起來很多，其實各位有堅持做老託真題和新託的黃金23篇，可以發現這些詞語重複率很高。
另外，人對句子的理解是線性的。語言能力越差的(比如小孩子)，只能理解句子的越前面，造成理解錯誤。(此理論僅限英語。中文不行，其他各種語言本人水平有限，不知道)從小孩子的實驗來看，3到5歲的小孩理解句子只能記住前面部分。比如：Put the frog on the red paper in the box.小孩子會把青蛙放到紅紙上。這裏可以看到，他們閱讀的時候把句子意思理解錯了，沒有看完。但是，非常有趣的現象是，這句話我們說給小孩子聽的時候，100%的小孩子都做出了正確的選擇 - 即把紅紙上的青蛙裝到了盒子裏。
語言學給出了我們解釋，影響人們認知句子的，還有語音。根據這個實驗，再結合平時我自己的情況，我推出了一個有理論依據的猜測： 閱讀時候習慣讀出聲來的，會讓你對句子的理解偏靠語音!從而讓你對直接託福閱讀句子的能力下降!很多人肯定喜歡邊閱讀邊讀，感覺這樣可以加深理解。我同意，但是，如果你花了30分鐘在閱和讀上，那至少再花30分鐘在閱上!不能讓讀的時間超過你看的時間。
就像我以前一樣，喜歡邊看邊讀，結果習慣了，看文章的時候，眼睛已經定位一個比較長的詞語，很熟悉很熟悉，但是語音還沒讀到那個單詞上，我的思維就卡住了，直到我讀出了那個單詞，我才知道這個單詞的意思。 這裏可以看到，我已經對語音很依賴了!這個現象非常危險。
朗讀的速度太慢了，浪費時間。而且ETS給出的文章中有大量故意製造的難句，就像剛纔的例子：The old man the boat，肯定要導致你回頭重讀。你的時間是不夠的。
所以，在考試中進行託福閱讀審題的時候，千萬不要邊看邊讀，或邊看邊讀的時間超過了閱讀時間。考生要學會自己合適控制閱讀時間。
託福閱讀考試題型剖析：6方面要注意
新托福考試OG列出了閱讀的10種題型：
1. Factual information questions (純粹細節)
2. Negative factual information questions (否定細節)
3. Inference questions (推理題)
4. Rhetorical purpose questions (修辭目的題)
5. Vocabulary questions (詞彙題)
6. Reference questions (指代題)
7. Sentence simplification questions (句子簡化題)
8. Insert text question (句子插入題)
9. Prose summary (內容摘要題)
10. Fill in a table (表格歸類題)
但實際上，新托福考試閱讀當中還考了一些OG中沒列舉出來的題目：
一.段間關係概括題：這種題目要求考生概括出2個自然段間的邏輯關係。比如說《THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION》這篇文章的第6題。
6. Which of the following best describes the relationship between Paragraph2 and Paragraph3?
Paragraph2 puts forward several scientific claims, one of which is rejected in Paragraph3
Paragraph2 poses several questions, and Paragraph3offers a possible answer to one of them
Paragraph2 presents outdated traditional views, while Paragraph3presents the current scientific conclusions.
Paragraph2 introduces a generalization that is illustrated by specific examples in Paragraph3
二.修辭手法題：這種題目是修辭目的的變體。OG中大多數題目只考察一個詞組的修辭目的，而實際考試會對一句話甚至整段話的修辭目的進行考察。一個是考修辭對象，一個是考修辭的手段。比如說，《Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction》這篇文章第2題：
2. In paragraph 2, why does the author include the information that dinosaurs had flourished for tens of millions of years and then suddenly disappeared?
To support the claim that the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous is the best-documented of the dozen or so mass extinctions in the geological record
To explain why as many as half of the species on Earth at the time are believed to have become extinct at the end of the Cretaceous
To explain why paleontologists have always been intrigued by the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous
To provide evidence that an impact can be large enough to disturb the environment of the entire planet and cause an ecological disaster
三.段落結構題：這裏題目考查的是文章段落的構架，可以算是新題型。比如：《THE ORIGINS OF THEATER》這篇文章的第9題，
9. Which of the following best describes the organization of paragraph 5?
The author presents two theories for a historical phenomenon.
The author argues against theories expressed earlier in the passage.
The author argues for replacing older theories with a new one.
The author points out problems with two popular theories.
四. 段落主題題：這種題目考查的是整個段落的主題，可以說是老託福段落主題題的延續：
比如《Petroleum Resources》這篇文章的12題：
paragraph 6, the author’s primary purpose is to
Provide examples of how oil exploration can endanger the environment
Describe accidents that have occurred when oil activities were in progress
Give an analysis of the effects of oil spills on the environment
Explain how technology and legislation help reduce oil spills
五. 雙選題：其實不僅僅在聽力考試之中有雙選題，閱讀考試之中也是有雙選題的，只是ETS有可能覺得這點並不重要，因此沒有通知偶們，例子請見：《The Geologic History of the Mediterranean》這篇文章第5題。
5. Select the TWO answer choice from paragraph 3 that identify materials discovered in the deepest part of the Mediterranean basin. To receive credit you must select TWO answers.
Volcanic rock fragments.
This silt layers
Soft, deep-sea mud
Crystalline salt
以及《THE RISE OF TEOTIHUACAN》這篇文章第11題：
11. Select the TWO answer choices that are mentioned in paragraph 5 as being features of Teotihuacán that may have attracted immigrants to the city. To receive credit, you must select TWO answers.
The prosperity of the elite
Plenty of available housing
Opportunities for well-paid agricultural employment
The presence of one or more religious shrines
除此以外，OG對於新托福考試閱讀題型的呈現方法也與真實考試有一定距離，如：
一.細節題的閱讀跨度：OG中大多數題目只考一段，但是實際考試會有一道題目考2段、甚至是3段的情況。比如《GROUNDWATER》這篇文章的第10題：
10. According to paragraphs 6 and 7, why is basalt unlike most crystalline forms of rock?
It is unusually solid
It often has high porosity.
It has a low proportion of empty space.
It is highly permeable.
二.句子改寫題的句子複雜性：真實考題比OG中的句子改寫題要長很多，而且邏輯關係也更復雜。
三.指代題：OG指代題考得不少，真實考試指代題考得很少。
四.選項長度:真題的選項長度長很多。
五.細節題題幹關鍵字沒有在原文直接給出。這讓考生定位細節難度大幅度增加。不過說句公道話，其實在老托福考試就已經這樣了，並不是在新托福考試之中獨有的。比如《Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer》這篇文章的第11題。
graph 5 mentions which of the following as a source of difficulty for some farmers who try to conserve water?
Crops that do not need much water are difficult to grow in the High Plains.
Farmers who grow crops that need a lot of water make higher profits.
Irrigating less frequently often leads to crop failure.
Few farmers are convinced that the aquifer will eventually run dry.
六. 文章的複雜程度：這個也不用說了，OG的文章結構性非常明顯，就好像看CCAV的新聞聯播一樣;真實考試的文章結構糾結多了，就好像看本屆世界盃一樣。比如：《The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems》和《Colonizing the Americas via the Northwest Coast》這兩篇文章。
新托福考試閱讀部分其實並不存在真的所謂“新題型”，這些題型也是有規律可循的，考生們在備考時多加註意就沒什麼值得害怕的。
託福閱讀：排除題三個考察方向全解析
我們大體可以把排除題分爲三個考察方向：1 對最基本的細節信息理解的考察。2 對事件發展程序理解的考察。3 對文章或段落主題抓取能力的考察。
一、對最基本的細節信息理解的考察
這裏可以用更簡單的說法：從詞中選。 所謂從詞中選，就是可以在文章中找到幾個名詞，他們排列存在，共同構成某一事件的所有細節。這時候，出題者會提取出其中三個，並在文章別處或者自編一個跟本事件並無關係的名詞(詞組)。
請看下面的例子：
In1943, the federal government imposed rent controls to help solve the problem ofhousing shortages during wartime. The federal program ended after the war, butin some locations, including NY, controls continued. Under NY’s controls, alandlord generally cannot raise rents on apartments as long as the tenantscontinue to renew their leases. In places as Santa Monica, California, rentcontrols are more recent. They were spurred by inflation of the 1970’s, whichcombined with California’s rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, aswell as rents, to record levels.
Which of the following was NOT a reason forthe introduction of rent controls in Santa Monica, California?
A. Rapid population growth
B. Inflation
C. Economic conditions duringwartime
D. Record-high housing prices
在這道排除題中，由於四個選項提供的信息都是用名詞詞組，我們可以斷定，段落中一定存在其中三個詞組，而題幹中又出現地名Santa Monica, California. 故可將此地名作爲關鍵詞，鎖定答案所在句子，然後逐一排除。而……as Santa Monica, California, rent controlsare more recent. They were spurred by inflation of the 1970’s, which combinedwith California’s rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, ……. 這句話當中分別提到了A, B, D三個答案，所以答案爲C.
二、對事件發展程序理解的考察
這類排除題，也可以叫做------從句中選。即考題所提供的答案均爲相對比較完整的句子，那麼其中有三句話，一定是表達了整個事件發展比較關鍵的幾個步驟，只有一句話與此步驟相悖。這類排除題通常比較耗費時間，考生需要準確判斷其事件發展步驟，甚至要通讀全段，才能找出正確選項。這裏，我給大家提供一種在很大程度上節省時間的方法------點對點尋找。
請看下面的例子：
The sauce that is today called ketchup (orcatsup) in western cultures is a tomato-based sauce that is quite distinct fromthe eastern ancestors of this product. A sauce called ke-tiap was in use inChina at least as early as the seventeenth century but the Chinese version ofsauce was made of pickled fish, shellfish, and spices. The popularity of thisChinese sauce spread to Singapore and Malaysia where it was called kechap. The Indonesiasauce ketjab drives its name from the same sauce as Malaysian sauce but is madefrom very different ingredients. The Indonesian ketjab is made by cooking blacksoy beans, fermenting them, placing them in salt brine for at least a week,cooking the resulting solution further, and sweetening it heavily; this processresults in a dark, thick, and sweet variation of soy sauce.
It is NOT stated in paragraph 1 that
A. the Chinese sauce was inexistence in 17th century
B. the Malaysian sauce was similarto the Chinese sauce
C. the Chinese sauce was made fromseafood and spices
D. the Indonesian sauce wassimilar to the Chinese sauce
對於這道題，題幹中沒有任何指示性的詞彙，我們無法判斷是從事件的哪個階段入手，那麼就只能每個答案逐一排除。仔細閱讀A選項，然後發現A選項中有17th century， 故可以將其作爲關鍵線索，去文中尋找，……called ke-tiap was in use in China at least as early as theseventeenth century…… 文中的這句話表明A不能作爲正確答案。那麼繼續看B， B選項中同時提到Malaysian 與Chinese. 則可以到文中去尋找兩個國籍名詞同時出現的句子，通過判斷，…… this Chinese sauce spread to Singapore and Malaysia where it wascalled kechap. 這句話表明，B也不能作爲正確答案。繼續看C，C 選項當中有Chinese, 還有seafood andspices，於是鎖定文中句子……the Chineseversion of sauce was made of pickled fish, shellfish, and spices……, 故C也不是正確選項。至此，我們可以直接選擇D作爲排除選項。
三、對文章或段落主題抓取能力的考察
答題時注意看每個選項，尤其是當選項中出現了在該段落中沒有的詞句時，就可以考慮可能會有某個選項跟本段甚至整片文章的主題是相悖的。
請看下面例題：
Decades before this disaster,environmentalist had predicted just such an enormous oil spill in this areabecause of the treacherous nature of the waters due to the submerged reefs,icebergs, and violent storms there. They had urged that oil be transported tothe continental United States by land-based pipeline rather than by oil tankeror by undersea pipeline to reduce the potential damage to the environment posedby the threat of an oil spill.
Which point is NOT made by theenvironmentalist mentioned in paragraph 2?
A. That a huge oil spill in thewaters off Alaska was possible.
B. That the waters off the coastof Alaska were dangerous for ships.
C. That oil tanker should not beused to transport oil from Alaska.
D. That an undersea pipeline waspreferable to a land-based pipeline.
這道題題幹中提到的environmentalist是整個該段的主語，故不能作爲關鍵信息詞。而發現A. C.中的Alaska，都在段落中沒有提到。所以可以考慮某個答案與主題相悖。這類題目，也可以多關注段落中是否有表示轉折的詞彙，例如but, instead of, however, rather than. 所以，稍加閱讀後，發現……land-based pipeline rather than by oil tanker or by underseapipeline…… 這句話當中出現rather than, 鎖定D選項中同樣的話語，剛好與原文觀點相反，所以選擇D.
