中英雙語話歷史 第80期:明朝(前期政治和經濟)
The ownership of the land had certain changes after the peasant uprising at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. The number of owner-peasants had increased.
On the base of relatively-scattered land, Ming governors in the early years had set up a highly-centralized government and also had carried out certain measures to restore and develop economy.
在土地比較分散的基礎上，明初統治者建立一個高度中央集權的政權，井採取了恢復和發展經濟的措施。All of these are embodied in the following points： 1) It strengthened the absolute monarchy and set up the central and local administrations.
主要表現在以下幾個方面：君主專制統治的加強,建立中央和地方的統治機構。
In the army, a system of Weisuo was carried out. Ming Taizu set up a special military administration with special tasks to guard the emperor, a guard administration, Jinyiwei. It made the literary inquisition to a large scale, which made a lot of intellectuals suffer terrible man-made accidents. It practiced new school system and examination system to debar peopled thinking. In order to control the peasants and ensure the tax, it made the Huang Ce (the Yellow Book) and the Yulin Ce (the Fishscale Book).
在軍隊方面，實行衛所制度，明太祖還設立了一個保衛皇帝並從事偵緝活動的軍事特務機構——廠衛機構，錦衣衛;大搞文字獄,使許多知識分子無辜罹難;實行新的學校制度和科舉制度，禁錮人們的思想;爲了控制農民和保證賦役來源,制訂了黃冊和魚鱗圖冊以加強對人民的控制。2) It moved the capital to Beijing.
遷都北京。Ming Chengzu continued to strengthen up the centralized government and adopted the policy to abolish the vassal states and forced the dukes in the north to the south and some of them were degraded to commoner status. The national and the military rights were in the hands of the emperor himself.
明成祖繼續加強中央集權,採取削藩政策，將北方諸王遷往南方, 有的被廢爲庶人,國家軍政大權又集中於皇帝。Meanwhile, Ming Chengzu decided to move the capital to Beijing in order to strengthen the Northern frontier.
同時，明成祖爲了鞏固北方邊防，決定遷都北京。From the year of 1417, it began to build the city of Beijing in a large scale and it was finished in three years.
1417年開始，大規模營建北京城，歷時三年始告建成。In 1421, the Ming government moved its capital officially to Beijing.
1421年，明政府正式遷都北京。That Ming moved its capital to Beijing had its importance in guarding the trouble from the Northern Mongols and maintaining the integration of the country.
遷都北京對於防禦北方蒙古侵擾和維護國家統一有着重要意義。3) The early policies, restoration and development of economy were made.
明初經濟政策與社會經濟的恢復和發展。Diverse measures to restore and develop the economy had been designed, which had changed the highly-centralized phenomenon of the land to a certain degree and improved the identity and social status of the peasants and the craftsmen.
制訂了恢復和發展經濟的各項措施，一定程度上改變了土地高度集中的現象，改善了農民和手工業者的身份地位。The development of agriculture and handicrafts promoted the commerce and the city economy. Then the commercial cities appeared and the merchants more movements and the tax had been improved.
農業和手工業的發展，促進了商業和城市經濟的緊榮,商業城市興起，商人活動頻 繁，商稅收入增加。
