中英雙語話歷史 第83期:明朝(文化)
Further development of Neo-Confucian philosophy： Although Confucianism had been adopted as “orthodox” state doctrine since the Han Dynasty，and Neo-Confucianism since the Yuan Dynasty, there existed many liberate and oppositional ways of thought among the Confucian scholarship, especially from the Donglin A-cademy.
Taoism and Chan-Buddhism showed their influence in the thinking of Ming scholars that retired from official posts and developed quietistic philosophies.
道教和禪宗佛學在明朝退休的高官中有很大影響,並發展成了清靜無爲哲學。The greatest Ming philosopher is Wang Yangming or Wang Shouren. He proposed that an innate knowledge enable man to reach goodness even without learning or studying the Confucian Classics.
明朝最偉大的哲學家是王陽明（王守仁），他認爲,人可以不學習、不研究理學，其良知就能讓其達到善界。
Li Zhi even renounced the orthodox Confucianism and accused his contemporaries of pharisaism.
李贄甚至完全放棄傳統的理學，並批評他同時期的哲學家的僞善。He sympathized with Buddhism and vernacular literature of the urban population, and he acted as advocate of discriminated and disadvantaged groups like the poor average people, women and ethnic minorities.
他同情佛教和城裏人的本語言文學,併爲那些受歧視和處於弱勢的人羣如貧窮的老百姓、婦女和少數民族而充當辯護人。Li Zhi’s words and behaviours were lodged a false accusation against the classics and orthodoxy by the governors and he was arrested and put into prison and died there.
李贄的言行被當時統治者誣爲離經飯道，結果被捕下獄而死。Science and technology :In the field of science and technology, numerous publications about geography also of foreign countries, techniques, agronomy, geology, craftsmanship, military, medicine and pharmacology were published, for ex-ample Chen Fu9s and Wang Zhen's Nongshu or Book of Agronomy 11, Xu Guan-gqi^ agronomic encyclopedia Nongzheng Quanshu , and Li Shizhen^ pharmacological encyclopedia Bencao Gangmu .
科學技術:在科學技術方面，一系列的關於國內國外的地理學、技術、農學、地質學、手工業、軍事、醫學和藥物學的作品出版發行。如，陳甫和王禎的《農書》，徐光啓的《農政全書》和李時珍的《本草綱目》。Another interesting book is the illustrated encyclopedia 5a^icai Tuhui Of u Assembled illustrations of the Three Realms of Heaven y Earth and Man 11.
另一本有趣的著作是《三才圖會》，書中詮釋了三大王國——天國、地球和人類的關係。Another famous book which is about science and technology is Song Yingxing'S Tian Gong Kai Wu M.
著名的科技讀物是宋應星的《天工開物》。And u Traveling Notes of Xu Xiake 19 S a book about Chinese geography by the greatest traveler Xu XiaKe then in the Ming dynasty, who traveled on foot to all the famous and great mountains and rivers in China.
而明朝時期大旅行家徐霞客的《徐霞客遊記》則講述了中國的地理情況，徐霞客徒步遊遍了中國的名川大山。At the end of the Ming, Jesuit missionaries translated Western writings (and not only the Bible ), and Chinese writers described machines the Jesuits had presented to the Chinese Emperors.
明朝末年，耶穌使者翻譯了大量的西方作品（不僅僅是《聖經》），中國作家也講述了使者們送給中國皇帝的機器。Like today, the Chinese scholars of late Ming Dynasty were especially interested in science and technique of the West.
和今天一樣,明朝時期的中國學者們對西方的科學技術都極爲感興趣。The Western missionaries and travelers also brought Chinese science to Europe.
而西方的傳教士和旅行家也把中國的科學帶到了歐洲。Anecdotes, stories and novels:The advance in printing technique as well as the demand from an urban public made it necessary and possible for vernacular literature to become more widespread than ever before.
文學藝術:印刷術的發展和城鎮居民的需要使本土文學有必要、有可能比以前任何時候發展的更快。Anecdotes, stories and tales were published in collections like M PaVan Jingqi y，or u Surprising Stories Causing the Reader to Pound the Table ”“Jingu Qiguan ”or“ Wonderful Tales of Old and New Times.
奇聞逸事、小說和故事常常成冊發行，如《拍案驚奇》、《今古奇觀》等。Probably the most important late Ming anecdote writer is Feng Menglong who wrote the ghost story u Pingyaozhuan and the collection Xingshi HengyanOf M Proverbs Awakening the World yy .
明朝晚期最著名的奇聞作家也許是馮夢龍，他著寫了神鬼小說《平妖傳》和《醒世恆言》。Apart from short Stories ,voluminous novels were written that consisted of hundreds of small tales a-bout local and historic heroes ： the hero tales “ Journey to the Westby Wu Cheng n, Investiture of the Gods edited by Xu Zhonglin, the M Three Kingdoms , and the u Water Margin 11 Of u Bandits of Liangshan Swamp by LllO Guanzhong, and finally, the erotic social critic M Plums in a Golden Vase Theatre plays had been popular since the Song Dynasty, and we possess a collection of famous Yuan theatre plays published during Ming, the u Yuanquxuan 11. The greatest Ming theatre play is Tang Xianzu^ u Peony Pavilion.
除短篇小說外，長篇小說又叫章回小說也有大量出版，它們通常包括有關地方和社會英雄的數百個故事。如，吳承恩的《西遊記》,還有許仲琳編輯的《封神演義》，羅貫中的《三國演義》和《水滸傳》，還有最後時期的描寫性愛的遭到社會批判的《金瓶梅》。自宋朝以來戲曲一直很流行，直到現在我們還有在明朝時期出版的著名元曲集錦《元曲選》，明朝時期最偉大的戲曲是湯顯祖的《牡丹亭》。
