中英雙語話史記 第128期:百日維新

QIng Dynasty

清朝

The Hundred Days’ Reform

百日維新

In the 103 days from June 11 to September 21, 1898, the Qing emperor, Guangxu (1875—1908), ordered a series of reforms aimed at making sweeping social and institutional changes.

從1898年的6月11日到11月21日間的103天，清朝的光緒帝（1875——1908）下令進行一系列改革，致力於創造全面的社會和制度改變。

This effort reflected the thinking of a group of progressive scholar-reformers who had impressed the court with the urgency of making innovations for the nation’s survival.

這場改革反映了一羣先進的改革家的想法， 他們讓朝廷意識到爲了國家的存亡進行改革的緊迫性。

Influenced by the Japanese success with modernization, the reformers declared that China needed more than “self-strengthening” and that innovation must be accompanied by institutional and ideological change.

受日本現代化改革成功地影響，改革者聲稱中國需要的不僅僅是“自強”，而革新必須伴隨着制度和思想上的改變。

The imperial edicts for reform covered a broad range of subjects, including stamping out corruption and remaking, among other things, the academic and civil-service examination systems, legal system, governmental structure, defense establishment, and postal services.

改革的詔令包含了廣泛的主題，其中包括剷除腐敗並重建學術和官員考試系統、法律體系、政府結構、國防建設以及郵政服務。

The edicts attempted to modernize agriculture, medicine, and mining and to promote practical studies instead of Neo-Confucian orthodoxy.

法令試圖將農業、醫藥和礦業現代化並促進實踐研究以代替儒家正統思想。

The court also planned to send students abroad for firsthand observation and technical studies.

清廷還決定將學生送到海外學習，使他們進行直接的觀察和技術學習。

All these changes were to be brought about under a de facto constitutional monarchy.

所有這些改變都由實際上的君主立憲制帶來。

Opposition to the reform was intense among the conservative ruling elite, especially the Manchus, who, in condemning the announced reform as too radical, proposed instead a more moderate and gradualist course of change.

保守統治精英階層對此改革的反對非常強烈，尤其是滿族人，他們指責改革過於激進，提倡更爲溫和和漸進式的改變。

Supported by ultraconservative and with the tacit support of the political opportunist Yuan Shikai (1859—1916), Empress Dowager Ci Xi engineered a coup on September 21, 1898, forcing the young reform-minded Guangxu into seclusion.

受極端保守主義者和政治投機分子袁世凱（1859——1916）的支持，慈禧太后在1898年11月21日策劃了一場政變，逼迫年輕的、具有改革思想的光緒帝退位。

Ci Xi took over the government as regent.

慈禧攔過掌控政府的大權。

The Hundred Days’ Reform ended with the rescindment of the new edicts and the execution of six of the reform’s chief advocates.

“百日維新”以廢除新法令和殺害六位改革的主創者而告終。

The two principal leaders, Kang Youwei (1858—1927) and Liang Qichao (1873—1929), fled abroad to found the Baohuang Hui (or Protect the Emperor Society) and to work, unsuccessfully, for a constitutional monarchy in China.

兩位主要的領導者，康有爲（1858——1927）和梁啓超（1873——1929）逃往國外建立了保皇會，他們沒能成功在中國建立君主立憲制。

The conservatives then gave clandestine backing to the antiforeign and anti-Christian movement of secret societies known as Yihetuan (or Society of Righteousness and Harmony).

接着，保守黨給予了排外和反基督教運動的機密組織義和團以祕密支持，這場運動在西方被稱爲“義合拳”。

The movement has been better known in the West as the Boxers (from an earlier name Yihequan, or Righteousness and Harmony Boxers).

1900年，義合拳的隊伍遍佈了中國北部鄉村，他們燒燬了傳教設施並殺掉了中國的基督教徒。

In 1900 Boxer bands spread over the north China countryside, burning missionary facilities and killing Chinese Christians.

最終，到1900年6月，義合拳包圍了北京和天津的外國租界。

Finally, in June 1900, the Boxers besieged the foreign concessions in Beijing and Tianjin, an action that provoked an allied relief expedition by the offended nations.

這個行爲引發了被冒犯國家的聯合救援行動。

The Qing declared war against the invaders, who easily crushed their opposition and occupied north China.

清朝向侵略軍宣戰，這些入侵者輕易地就摧毀了他們的反抗並佔領了中國北部。

Under the Protocol of 1901, the court was made to consent to the execution of ten high officials and the punishment of hundreds of others, expansion of the Legation Quarter, payment of war reparations, stationing of foreign troops in China, and razing of some Chinese fortifications.

根部1901年的協議，朝廷被要求統一裁決10位高級官員，懲罰剩下的幾百人，擴張使館區，支付戰爭賠款，允許國外軍隊在中國的駐紮並且拆除中國的一些防禦設施。

In the decade that followed, the court belatedly put into effect some reform measures.

接下來的10年，朝廷延遲進行一些有效的改革措施。

These included the abolition of the moribund Confucian-based examination, educational and military modernization patterned after the model of Japan, and an experiment, if half-hearted, in constitutional and parliamentary government.

這些改革包括廢除無用的科舉制度，以日本改革爲模型的教育和軍事現代化以及對於憲法和議會政府的稍加試驗。

The suddenness and ambitiousness of the reform effort actually hindered its success.

改革工作的突然性和其野心實際上阻礙了它的成功。

One effect, to be felt for decades to come, was the establishment of new armies, which, in turn, gave rise.

它的一個作用是對於新軍隊的建立，它取得了反響卻在幾十年後纔得到了人們的認可。