中英雙語話史記 第124期:滿族崛起
Qing Dynasty
清朝Rise of the Manchu
滿族的崛起In the early 1600s Aixinjueluo Nurhaci formed the nomadic Manchu State known as Manchuo (滿洲）.
17世紀早期，愛新覺羅努爾哈赤建立了以遊牧爲生的滿洲國。
He united four of the Manchu Flagged Factions that and later collected power of all eight of the flagged factions.
他統一了滿洲四旗並掌控了八旗的所有權力。In the later periods of his reign, he moved the capital to Shenyang.
在他執政的末期，他將都城遷到了瀋陽。When Lindan Khan, the last grand-Khan of the Mongols, died on his way to Tibet in 1634, his son Ejei surrendered to the Manchu and gave the great seal of the Yuan Emperor to Huangtaiji.
當蒙古族最後的大汗林丹汗在1634年前往西藏的路途中去世後，他的兒子額哲臣服於滿洲國並將元朝的國璽交給了皇太極。As a result, Huangtaiji established the new dynasty of Qing as the successor of the Yuan Dynasty in 1636.
因此，皇太極於1636年建立了清朝，也就是元朝的後一任帝國。After years of civil unrest, the Ming capital Beijing was sacked by a coalition of rebel forces led by one Li Zicheng (李自成）.
經歷了多年的國內動亂，明朝的都城北京被李自成帶領的起義軍洗劫一空。The Ming Dynasty officially came to an end when the last Ming Emperor committed suicide by hanging himself on a tree on the hill overlooking the Forbidden City.
當明朝的最後一任皇帝在遙望着紫禁城的山頭上吊自殺時，明朝正式結束了。After taking Beijing in April 1644, Li Zhicheng led an army of 60000 strong to confront Wu Sangui (吳三桂）， the general commanding Ming’s 100000 strong garrison stationed at ShanhaiPass(山海關).
1644年4月，李自成佔領北京後帶領着60000強軍與吳三桂對壘，吳三桂統領着明朝100000強大的駐軍駐紮在山海關。ShanhaiPass is the pivotal northeastern pass of the Great Wall of China located fiffy miles northeast of Beijing and for years its defenses were what kept the Manchus at bay and out of China.
山海關是長城東北部關鍵的關口，它位於北京東北方50英里的地方，多年以來，它將滿族人阻擋在中國之外，使他們陷入困境。Wu caught between two enemies decided to cast his lots with the Manchus and made an alliance with Dorgon, regent to the then six-year old Shunzhi, son of Huangtaiji who had passed away the year before.
吳三桂被夾在兩個敵人中間，最終決定將賭注下在清朝身上並與6歲順治帝的攝政王多爾袞結成聯盟，順治帝是皇太極的兒子，皇太極於前一年駕崩。
Together the two armies met Li Zhicheng’s rebel forces in battle on May 27, 1644.
1644年5月27日，吳三桂與清軍聯軍和李自成的起義軍開戰。Even though the rebel forces were routed, Wu’ s army was so weakened by the day’s fighting that he had no choice but to join the Manchus forces as they captured Beijing on June 6 and began their conquest of the whole of China.
儘管李自成的軍隊已潰不成軍，吳三桂的軍隊也因連日征戰過於虛弱，無奈只得在滿洲國的軍隊攻佔了北京征服了中國之後加入他們的軍隊。The process took another seventeen years of battling Ming loyalists, pretenders and rebels.
滿洲軍隊又花了17年與反清復明者、僞政權以及起義軍作戰。The last Ming pretender Prince Gui sort refuge in Burma but was turned over to a Qing expeditionary force headed by Wu Sangui who had him brought back to Yunnan province and executed in early 1662.
明朝僞政權的最後一任皇帝桂王在緬甸避難，後來又被移交給了吳三桂帶領的清朝遠征軍，吳三桂把他帶回雲南省，並在1622年早期將其殺害。
