(test2)劍橋雅思閱讀7真題解讀
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劍橋雅思閱讀7原文(test2)
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
Why pagodas don’t fall down
In a land swept by typhoons and shaken by earthquakes, how have Japan’s tallest and seemingly flimsiest old buildings — 500 or so wooden pagodas — remained standing for centuries? Records show that only two have collapsed during the past 1400 years. Those that have disappeared were destroyed by fire as a result of lightning or civil war. The disastrous Hanshin earthquake in 1995 killed 6,400 people, toppled elevated highways, flattened office blocks and devastated the port area of Kobe. Yet it left the magnificent five-storey pagoda at the Toji temple in nearby Kyoto unscathed, though it levelled a number of buildings in the neighbourhood.
Japanese scholars have been mystified for ages about why these tall, slender buildings are so stable. It was only thirty years ago that the building industry felt confident enough to erect office blocks of steel and reinforced concrete that had more than a dozen floors. With its special shock absorbers to dampen the effect of sudden sideways movements from an earthquake, the thirty-six-storey Kasumigaseki building in central Tokyo — Japan’s first skyscraper — was considered a masterpiece of modern engineering when it was built in 1968.
Yet in 826, with only pegs and wedges to keep his wooden structure upright, the master builder Kobodaishi had no hesitation in sending his majestic Toji pagoda soaring fifty-five metres into the sky — nearly half as high as the Kasumigaseki skyscraper built some eleven centuries later. Clearly, Japanese carpenters of the day knew a few tricks about allowing a building to sway and settle itself rather than fight nature’s forces. But what sort of tricks?
The multi-storey pagoda came to Japan from China in the sixth century. As in China, they were first introduced with Buddhism and were attached to important temples. The Chinese built their pagodas in brick or stone, with inner staircases, and used them in later centuries mainly as watchtowers. When the pagoda reached Japan, however, its architecture was freely adapted to local conditions — they were built less high, typically five rather than nine storeys, made mainly of wood and the staircase was dispensed with because the Japanese pagoda did not have any practical use but became more of an art object. Because of the typhoons that batter Japan in the summer, Japanese builders learned to extend the eaves of buildings further beyond the walls. This prevents rainwater gushing down the walls. Pagodas in China and Korea have nothing like the overhang that is found on pagodas in Japan.
The roof of a Japanese temple building can be made to overhang the sides of the structure by fifty per cent or more of the building’s overall width. For the same reason, the builders of Japanese pagodas seem to have further increased their weight by choosing to cover these extended eaves not with the porcelain tiles of many Chinese pagodas but with much heavier earthenware tiles.
But this does not totally explain the great resilience of Japanese pagodas. Is the answer that, like a tall pine tree, the Japanese pagoda — with its massive trunk-like central pillar known as shinbashira — simply flexes and sways during a typhoon or earthquake? For centuries, many thought so. But the answer is not so simple because the startling thing is that the shinbashira actually carries no load at all. In fact, in some pagoda designs, it does not even rest on the ground, but is suspended from the top of the pagoda — hanging loosely down through the middle of the building. The weight of the building is supported entirely by twelve outer and four inner columns.
And what is the role of the shinbashira, the central pillar? The best way to understand the shinbashira’s role is to watch a video made by Shuzo Ishida, a structural engineer at Kyoto Institute of Technology. Mr Ishida, known to his students as ‘Professor Pagoda’ because of his passion to understand the pagoda, has built a series of models and tested them on a ‘shake-table’ in his laboratory. In short, the shinbashira was acting like an enormous stationary pendulum. The ancient craftsmen, apparently without the assistance of very advanced mathematics, seemed to grasp the principles that were, more than a thousand years later, applied in the construction of Japan’s first skyscraper. What those early craftsmen had found by trial and error was that under pressure a pagoda’s loose stack of floors could be made to slither to and fro independent of one another. Viewed from the side, the pagoda seemed to be doing a snake dance — with each consecutive floor moving in the opposite direction to its neighbours above and below. The shinbashira, running up through a hole in the centre of the building, constrained individual stories from moving too far because, after moving a certain distance, they banged into it, transmitting energy away along the column.
Another strange feature of the Japanese pagoda is that, because the building tapers, with each successive floor plan being smaller than the one below, none of the vertical pillars that carry the weight of the building is connected to its corresponding pillar above. In other words, a five-storey pagoda contains not even one pillar that travels right up through the building to carry the structural loads from the top to the bottom. More surprising is the fact that the individual stories of a Japanese pagoda, unlike their counterparts elsewhere, are not actually connected to each other. They are simply stacked one on top of another like a pile of hats. Interestingly, such a design would not be permitted under current Japanese building regulations.
And the extra-wide eaves? Think of them as a tightrope walker’s balancing pole. The bigger the mass at each end of the pole, the easier it is for the tightrope walker to maintain his or her balance. The same holds true for a pagoda. ‘With the eaves extending out on all sides like balancing poles,’ says Mr Ishida, ‘the building responds to even the most powerful jolt of an earthquake with a graceful swaying, never an abrupt shaking.’ Here again, Japanese master builders of a thousand years ago anticipated concepts of modern structural engineering.
Questions 1-4
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
1 Only two Japanese pagodas have collapsed in 1400 years.
2 The Hanshin earthquake of 1995 destroyed the pagoda at the Toji temple.
3 The other buildings near the Toji pagoda had been built in the last 30 years.
4 The builders of pagodas knew how to absorb some of the power produced by severe weather conditions.
Questions 5-10
Classify the following as typical of
A both Chinese and Japanese pagodas
B only Chinese pagodas
C only Japanese pagodas
Write the correct letter. A, B or C, in boxes 5-10 on your answer sheet.
5 easy interior access to top
6 tiles on eaves
7 use as observation post
8 size of eaves up to half the width of the building
9 original religious purpose
10 floors fitting loosely over each other
Questions 11-13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.
11 In a Japanese pagoda, the shinbashira
A bears the full weight of the building.
B bends under pressure like a tree.
C connects the floors with the foundations.
D stops the floors moving too far.
12 Shuzo Ishida performs experiments in order to
A improve skyscraper design.
B be able to build new pagodas.
C learn about the dynamics of pagodas.
D understand ancient mathematics.
13 The storeys of a Japanese pagoda are
A linked only by wood.
B fastened only to the central pillar.
C fitted loosely on top of each other.
D joined by special weights.
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
The True Cost of Food
A For more than forty years the cost of food has been rising. It has now reached a point where a growing number of people believe that it is far too high, and that bringing it down will be one of the great challenges of the twenty first century. That cost, however, is not in immediate cash. In the West at least, most food is now far cheaper to buy in relative terms than it was in 1960. The cost is in the collateral damage of the very methods of food production that have made the food cheaper: in the pollution of water, the enervation of soil, the destruction of wildlife, the harm to animal welfare and the threat to human health caused by modern industrial agriculture.
B First mechanisation, then mass use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides, then monocultures, then battery rearing of livestock, and now genetic engineering — the onward march of intensive farming has seemed unstoppable in the last half-century, as the yields of produce have soared. But the damage it has caused has been colossal. In Britain, for example, many of our best-loved farmland birds, such as the skylark, the grey partridge, the lapwing and the corn bunting, have vanished from huge stretches of countryside, as have even more wild flowers and insects. This is a direct result of the way we have produced our food in the last four decades. Thousands of miles of hedgerows, thousands of ponds, have disappeared from the landscape. The faecal filth of salmon farming has driven wild salmon from many of the sea Iochs and rivers of Scotland. Natural soil fertility is dropping in many areas because of continuous industrial fertiliser and pesticide use, while the growth of algae is increasing in lakes because of the fertiliser run-off.
C Put it all together and it looks like a battlefield, but consumers rarely make the connection at the dinner table. That is mainly because the costs of all this damage are what economists refer to as externalities: they are outside the main transaction, which is for example producing and selling a field of wheat, and are borne directly by neither producers nor consumers. To many, the costs may not even appear to be financial at all, but merely aesthetic — a terrible shame, but nothing to do with money. And anyway they, as consumers of food, certainly aren’t paying for it, are they?
D But the costs to society can actually be quantified and, when added up, can amount to staggering sums. A remarkable exercise in doing this has been carried out by one of the world’s leading thinkers on the future of agriculture, Professor Jules Pretty, Director of the Centre for Environment and Society at the University of Essex. Professor Pretty and his colleagues calculated the externalities of British agriculture for one particular year. They added up the costs of repairing the damage it caused, and came up with a total figure of ￡2,343m. This is equivalent to ￡208 for every hectare of arable land and permanent pasture, almost as much again as the total government and EU spend on British farming in that year. And according to Professor Pretty, it was a conservative estimate.
E The costs included: ￡120m for removal of pesticides; ￡16m for removal of nitrates; ￡55m for removal of phosphates and soil; ￡23m for the removal of the bug cryptosporidium from drinking water by water companies; ￡125m for damage to wildlife habitats, hedgerows and dry stone walls; ￡1,113m from emissions of gases likely to contribute to climate change; ￡106m from soil erosion and organic carbon losses; ￡169m from food poisoning; and ￡607m from cattle disease. Professor Pretty draws a simple but memorable conclusion from all this: our food bills are actually threefold. We are paying for our supposedly cheaper food in three separate ways: once over the counter, secondly through our taxes, which provide the enormous subsidies propping up modern intensive farming, and thirdly to clean up the mess that modern farming leaves behind.
F So can the true cost of food be brought down? Breaking away from industrial agriculture as the solution to hunger may be very hard for some countries, but in Britain, where the immediate need to supply food is less urgent, and the costs and the damage of intensive farming have been clearly seen, it may be more feasible. The government needs to create sustainable, competitive and diverse farming and food sectors, which will contribute to a thriving and sustainable rural economy, and advance environmental, economic, health, and animal welfare goals.
G But if industrial agriculture is to be replaced, what is a viable alternative? Professor Pretty feels that organic farming would be too big a jump in thinking and in practices for many farmers. Furthermore, the price premium would put the produce out of reach of many poorer consumers. He is recommending the immediate introduction of a ‘Greener Food Standard’, which would push the market towards more sustainable environmental practices than the current norm, while not requiring the full commitment to organic production. Such a standard would comprise agreed practices for different kinds of farming, covering agrochemical use, soil health, land management, water and energy use, food safety and animal health. It could go a long way, he says, to shifting consumers as well as farmers towards a more sustainable system of agriculture.
Questions 14-17
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
14 a cost involved in purifying domestic water
15 the stages in the development of the farming industry
16 the term used to describe hidden costs
17 one effect of chemicals on water sources
Questions 18-21
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
18 Several species of wildlife in the British countryside are declining.
19 The taste of food has deteriorated in recent years.
20 The financial costs of environmental damage are widely recognized.
21 One of the costs calculated by Professor Pretty was illness caused by food.
Questions 22-26
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.
Professor Pretty concludes that our 22………are higher than most people realise, because we make three different types of payment. He feels it is realistic to suggest that Britain should reduce its reliance on 23………… .
Although most farmers would be unable to adapt to 24…………, Professor Pretty wants the government to initiate change by establishing what he refers to as a 25…………… . He feels this would help to change the attitudes of both 26…………and………. .
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 on the following pages.
Questions 27-30
Reading Passage 3 has six sections, A-F.
Choose the correct heading for sections B, C, E and F from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-xi, in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i MIRTP as a future model
ii Identifying the main transport problems
iii Preference for motorised vehicles
iv Government authorities’ instructions
v Initial improvements in mobility and transport modes
vi Request for improved transport in Makete
vii Transport improvements in the northern part of the district
viii Improvements in the rail network
ix Effects of initial MIRTP measures
x Co-operation of district officials
xi Role of wheelbarrows and donkeys
Example Answer
Section A vi
27 Section B
28 Section C
Example Answer
Section D ix
29 Section E
30 Section F
Makete Integrated Rural Transport Project
Section A
The disappointing results of many conventional road transport projects in Africa led some experts to rethink the strategy by which rural transport problems were to be tackled at the beginning of the 1980s. A request for help in improving the availability of transport within the remote Makete District of south-western Tanzania presented the opportunity to try a new approach.
The concept of ‘integrated rural transport’ was adopted in the task of examining the transport needs of the rural households in the district. The objective was to reduce the time and effort needed to obtain access to essential goods and services through an improved rural transport system. The underlying assumption was that the time saved would be used instead for activities that would improve the social and economic development of the communities. The Makete Integrated Rural Transport Project (MIRTP) started in 1985 with financial support from the Swiss Development Corporation and was co-ordinated with the help of theTanzanian government.
Section B
When the project began, Makete District was virtually totally isolated during the rainy season. The regional road was in such bad shape that access to the main towns was impossible for about three months of the year. Road traffic was extremely rare within the district, and alternative means of transport were restricted to donkeys in the north of the district. People relied primarily on the paths, which were slippery and dangerous during the rains.
Before solutions could be proposed, the problems had to be understood. Little was known about the transport demands of the rural households, so Phase I, between December 1985 and December 1987, focused on research. The socio-economic survey of more than 400 households in the district indicated that a household in Makete spent, on average, seven hours a day on transporting themselves and their goods, a figure which seemed extreme but which has also been obtained in surveys in other rural areas in Africa. Interesting facts regarding transport were found: 95% was on foot; 80% was within the locality; and 70% was related to the collection of water and firewood and travelling to grinding mills.
Section C
Having determined the main transport needs, possible solutions were identified which might reduce the time and burden. During Phase II, from January to February 1991, a number of approaches were implemented in an effort to improve mobility and access to transport.
An improvement of the road network was considered necessary to ensure the import and export of goods to the district. These improvements were carried out using methods that were heavily dependent on labour. In addition to the improvement of roads, these methods provided training in the operation of a mechanical workshop and bus and truck services. However, the difference from the conventional approach was that this time consideration was given to local transport needs outside the road network.
Most goods were transported along the paths that provide short-cuts up and down the hillsides, but the paths were a real safety risk and made the journey on foot even more arduous. It made sense to improve the paths by building steps, handrails and footbridges.
It was uncommon to find means of transport that were more efficient than walking but less technologically advanced than motor vehicles. The use of bicycles was constrained by their high cost and the lack of available spare parts. Oxen were not used at all but donkeys were used by a few households in the northern part of the district. MIRTP focused on what would be most appropriate for the inhabitants of Makete in terms of what was available, how much they could afford and what they were willing to accept. After careful consideration, the project chose the promotion of donkeys — a donkey costs less than a bicycle — and the introduction of a locally manufacturable wheelbarrow.
Section D
At the end of Phase II, it was clear that the selected approaches to Makete’s transport problems had had different degrees of success. Phase III, from March 1991 to March 1993, focused on the refinement and institutionalisation of these activities.
The road improvements and accompanying maintenance system had helped make the district centre accessible throughout the year. Essential goods from outside the district had become more readily available at the market, and prices did not fluctuate as much as they had done before.
Paths and secondary roads were improved only at the request of communities who were willing to participate in construction and maintenance. However, the improved paths impressed the inhabitants, and requests for assistance greatly increased soon after only a few improvements had been completed.
The efforts to improve the efficiency of the existing transport services were not very successful because most of the motorised vehicles in the district broke down and there were no resources to repair them. Even the introduction of low-cost means of transport was difficult because of the general poverty of the district. The locally manufactured wheelbarrows were still too expensive for all but a few of the households. Modifications to the original design by local carpenters cut production time and costs. Other local carpenters have been trained in the new design so that they can respond to requests. Nevertheless, a locally produced wooden wheelbarrow which costs around 5000 Tanzanian shillings (less than US$20) in Makete, and is about one quarter the cost of a metal wheelbarrow, is still too expensive for most people.
Donkeys, which were imported to the district, have become more common and contribute, in particular, to the transportation of crops and goods to market. Those who have bought donkeys are mainly from richer households but, with an increased supply through local breeding, donkeys should become more affordable. Meanwhile, local initiatives are promoting the renting out of the existing donkeys.
It should be noted, however, that a donkey, which at 20,000Tanzanian shillings costs less than a bicycle, is still an investment equal to an average household’s income over half a year. This clearly illustrates the need for supplementary measures if one wants to assist the rural poor.
Section E
It would have been easy to criticise the MIRTP for using in the early phases a ‘top-down’ approach, in which decisions were made by experts and officials before being handed down to communities, but it was necessary to start the process from the level of the governmental authorities of the district. It would have been difficult to respond to the requests of villagers and other rural inhabitants without the support and understanding of district authorities.
Section F
Today, nobody in the district argues about the importance of improved paths and inexpensive means of transport. But this is the result of dedicated work over a long period, particularly from the officers in charge of community development. They played an essential role in raising awareness and interest among the rural communities.
The concept of integrated rural transport is now well established in Tanzania, where a major program of rural transport is just about to start. The experiences from Makete will help in this initiative, and Makete District will act as a reference for future work.
Questions 31-35
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 31-35 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
31 MIRTP was divided into five phases.
32 Prior to the start of MIRTP the Makete district was almost inaccessible during the rainy season.
33 Phase I of MIRTP consisted of a survey of household expenditure on transport.
34 The survey concluded that one-fifty or 20% of the household transport requirement as outside the local area.
35 MIRTP hoped to improve the movement of goods from Makete district to the country’s capital.
Questions 36-39
Complete each sentence with the correct ending. A-J, below.
Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 36-39 on your answer sheet.
36 Construction of footbridges, steps and handrails
37 Frequent breakdown of buses and trucks in Makete
38 The improvement of secondary roads and paths
39 The isolation of Makete for part of the year
A provided the people of Makete with experience in running bus and truck services.
B was especially successful in the northern part of the district.
C differed from earlier phases in that the community became less actively involved.
D improved paths used for transport up and down hillsides.
E was no longer a problem once the roads had been improved.
F cost less than locally made wheelbarrows.
G was done only at the request of local people who were willing to lend a hand.
H was at first considered by MIRTP to be affordable for the people of the district.
I hindered attempts to make the existing transport services more efficient.
J was thought to be the most important objective of Phase III.
Question 40
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in box 40 on your answer sheet.
Which of the following phrases best describes the main aim of Reading Passage 3?
A to suggest that projects such as MIRTP are needed in other countries
B to describe how MIRTP was implemented and how successful it was
C to examine how MIRTP promoted the use of donkeys
D to warn that projects such as MIRTP are likely to have serious problems
劍橋雅思閱讀7原文參考譯文(test2)
TEST 2 PASSAGE 2 參考譯文：
食品的真正代價
A 40多年來食品價格一直呈上漲趨勢。現在已經漲到了越來越多的人都認爲太高的程度，很多人認爲21 世紀面臨的巨大挑戰之一就是降低食品價格。然而，這代價不併非立即付現的。畢竟，相對於1960年而言，至少在西方國家，現在大多數食品按相對價值計算反而是便宜多了，這代價恰恰是使食品變便宜的生產方式本身所造成的間接傷害。這傷害包括現代工業化農業所造成的水資源污染，土壤貧瘠，野生動植物破壞，對動物權益的損害以及對人類健康的威脅。
B現代農業的發展首先是機械化生產，接着就是化肥和殺蟲劑的大量使用，然後是單一種植，再後來就是籠養家禽家畜，直到現在的基因工程，在過去的半個世紀裏，隨着產量的激增，密集型農業前進的步伐似乎已經銳不可當，但其也造成巨大的破壞。例如，在英國，許多深受人們喜愛的農田鳥類，比如雲雀，灰山鶉、麥雞和黍鵐，還有更多的野花和昆蟲，都已經從鄉村大片的土地上消失了。這就是過去40年裏我們的農業生產方式所造成的直接後果。無數的灌木叢、大片的池塘已經從我們的土地上消失了。養殖大馬哈魚的排泄物將野生大馬哈魚逐出了蘇格蘭的海灣和河流。由於長期使用化肥和殺蟲劑，很多地區的自然土壤肥力正在下降，而湖裏的藻類卻因爲化肥廢料而不斷瘋長。
C上面所述種.種使我們的土地看上去就像滿目瘡痍的戰場，但消費者在餐桌上的時候卻很少聯想到這些。這主要因爲這些代價是經濟學家們所說的“外部經濟效應”，它們不在如生產或出售一塊地裏的小麥那樣的主要交易過程之中，而且它們也不是由生產者和消費者直接來承擔的。對很多人來說，這代價甚至根本不屬於經濟範疇，僅僅與審美相關，很遺憾和金錢沒有任何關係。而且不管怎樣，作爲食品消費者，他們當然不必爲這代價自掏腰包，不是嗎?
D但這代價對社會的影響卻是可以量化的，累積能高到嚇人的地步。一項引人注目的將代價量化的活動已經完成。埃塞克斯大學社會與環境研究中心的主任Jules Pretty教授負責了該活動，他是位關注農業未來的領軍思想家。Pretty教授和他的同事計算了某一年中英國農業外部經濟效應的價值。他們綜合了修復損壞所需的費用，得出的總數造二十三億四千三百萬英鎊，具體到每公頃耕地和永久性牧場則爲二百零八英鎊，幾乎和當年英國政府及歐盟在英國農業上的投人相當，據Pretty教授說這還是保守估計。
E這些費用包括：一億兩千萬英鎊用於消除殺蟲劑;一千六百萬英鎊用於消除硝酸鹽;五千五百萬英鎊用於消除土壤中的磷酸鹽;兩千三百萬英鎊用於自來水公司清除引用水中所含有的隱孢子蟲病菌;一億兩千五百萬英鎊用來修復野生動物柄息地、灌木以及石牆所受到的損壞;十一億一千三百萬英鎊用來治理可能會導致氣候變化的尾氣;一億零六百萬英鎊用在治理土壤腐蝕和有機碳流失上;一億六千九百萬英鎊用於食品中毒;六億零七百萬英鎊用於治療牲畜疾病。由此Pretty教授得出了一個簡單但卻驚人的結論：實際上我們的食品花銷翻了三倍。我們正用三種不同的方式爲認爲便宜了的食物買單：一是在櫃檯付款，二通過納稅，稅收提供了強大的經濟支柱，三是收拾現代農業生產留下的爛攤子。
F那麼食品的真正花銷能降下來嗎?對於一些國家來說，通過擺脫工業化農業解決飢餓問題也許相當困難，但在英國，對糧食的需求相對緩和，並且大家都清楚看到了密集型農業所耗費的成本和帶來的破壞爲現代密集型企業，放棄現代化農業更爲可行。政府有必要設立可持續性、有競爭力和多樣化的農業及糧食生產部門，這一定會爲農村經濟的繁榮和可持續發展做出貢獻，並加快實現環境、經濟、健康以及動物福利方面的目標。
G但如果工業化農業將被取代，可行的替代辦法又是什麼呢?Pretty教授感覺對於許多農民來說，有機農業在思想上和實踐上都是一個很大的跨越。並且，有機產品的高價格使得許多比較貧困的消費者無力購買。他推薦儘快引入“綠色食品標準”，這會促使市場朝着比現行標準更環保的方向發展，而又不必全部投入有機農業生產。 “綠色食品標準”將涵蓋不同農業經貿上的共認做法，包括農用化學品的使用、土壤質量、土地經營管理模式、水資源及能源利用、食品安全以及動物健康等。Pretty教授認爲，這一標準將對消費者和農場主從傳統的農業轉向可持續發展農業大有裨益。
TEST 2 PASSAGE 3 參考譯文：
馬科特鄉村一體化交通項目
Section A
八十年代初，非洲許多常規道路運輸項目令人失望的結果使得一些專家開始重新思考解決鄉村交通問題的策略，恰逢坦桑尼亞西南部偏遠的馬科特地區要求幫助改善當地的交通狀況，爲試驗新策略提供了機會。
在對當地農村家庭出行需求的調查中，一體化的農村交通運輸理念被採納了進來。這個理念的目標就是通過改善農村交通體系，使當地人能減少獲取基本物資和服務所費的時間和精力。該理念的基本假設就是能把節省下來的時間用來開展能夠促進當地社會和經濟發展的活動。馬科特鄉村一體化交通項目開始於1985年，由瑞士開發公司出資資助，坦桑尼亞政府負責協調工作。
Section B
項目剛開始的時候，雨季的馬科特幾乎完全與世隔絕。當地路況十分糟糕，通往主要城鎮的道路一年中有三個月的時間都是無法通行的，地區內道路交通少得出奇，北部地區可選擇的交通工具只有驢。居民主要靠步行，一下雨這些小路就泥濘不堪，十分危險。
在提出解決辦法之前，先要了解問題所在。施工方對當地人的出行需求瞭解甚微，因此在工程的第一階段(從1985年12月到1987年12月)，他們集中精力進行調研。據對馬科特地區400多個家庭進行的社會經濟調查顯示，平均每家每天要花上7個小時用於出行和運輸物資這組數據看起來很極端，但從非洲其他鄉村得到的數據也是一樣的。調查人員還發現了一些與交通相關的很有趣的事情：當地95%的居民出門基本靠走，80%的居民活動範圍只限於本地，70%的人出行是爲了挑水砍柴和去磨坊。
Section C
確定了主要的交通需求，施工方制訂了可行性解決方案，這將節省時間，減輕負擔。在第二階段(1991年1、2月間)，爲提高交通的靈活性和便利性，實施了許多方案。
改進地區的路網是保證貨物進出口業務的必要條件，而這些改進措施嚴重依賴勞動力。除了改善路況，還提供機械車間方面的培訓以及公共汽車和卡車服務。然而，與常規方法不同的是，這次除了公路網外，還考慮到了本地交通需求。
大多數物資是通過小路運輸的，這些小路爲上下山提供了捷徑，但卻需要冒着很大的生命危險，要是步行就更艱難了。所以，通過修建臺階、扶手和人行橋等來改善路況是有意義的。
要找到比步行更有效率、比機動車技術含低的交通方式可不是件容易的事。由於價格昂貴又缺少可用的零配件，自行車的使用受到了限制。當地人根本就不把牛當成交通工具，但在北部地區有些居民把驢當成運輸工具。馬科特鄉村一體化交通項目致力於找到最適合當地居民的交通工具，這種工具必須是現有的、居民們買得起又願意接受的東西。經過仔細考慮，項目最終決定推廣驢(在當地，驢子比自行車便宜)和一種當地生產的獨輪車。
Section D
第二階段結束的時候，顯而易見，這些爲馬科特地區量身打造的解決辦法都取得了不同程度的成功。第三階段從1991年3月到1993年3月，致力於改進這些解決方法並使之制度化。
道路狀況的改善以及配套的道路養護制度已經使得人們全年都可到達地區中心，也更容易在市場上買到來自外地的基本物資，價格也不像以前那樣起伏不定。
只有願意參與道路建設與養護的社區提出要求時，施工方纔會去幫助他們改善小路和二級公路。然而，當地居民對改善後的路況很滿意。因此，剛完成幾項改進，就有更多人提出了協助請求。
由於當地大多數機動車發生故障時沒有條件修理，所以提升現有交通服務效率的努力並不是很成功。由於當地人普遍沒什麼錢，甚至連推廣低價交通工具也成了難題，除了少數家庭外，本地製造的獨輪車對多數家庭來講還是過於昂貴。當地木匠對初始設計的獨輪車加以更改，降低了生產時間和成本。當地的另外一些木匠也接受新設計的培訓，以滿足人們的需求。然而，儘管當地生產的木質獨輪車只要5000坦桑尼亞先令(不到20美元)，僅相當於金屬獨輪車價錢的四分之一，但對於大多數當地居民來說還是太貴了。
引進的驢子反倒變得越來越受歡迎，在將農作物和物資運往市場方面大顯身手。買驢的主要是當地稍微富裕一些的家庭，不過通過本地繁殖，驢的供應會有所增加，價錢也會更便宜。與此同時，當地正推廣現有驢子的出租業務。
然而需要注意的是，一頭驢要花費20,000坦桑尼亞先令，雖然比自行車便宜，但這筆投資仍相當於一個當地家庭半年多的收人。這很清楚地表明，要幫助貧困的鄉村地區，還需要其他的輔助措施。
Section E
由於項目初期採用了自上而下的辦法，即沒有傳達給當地社區，專家和政府官員就作出了決定，因此，要批評馬科特鄉村一體化交通項目簡直易如反掌，但是從當地政府層開始這一項目是很必要的。要是沒有當地政府的支持和理解，當地村民和其他農村住戶的需求就很難得到滿足。
Section F
現在，當地沒有人再爭論改善道路狀況及推廣廉價交通工具的重要性了。這是長期傾力工作的結果，尤其是負責當地社區發展的政府官員的努力。他們在提高內地居民意識、調動他們積極性的過程中發揮了重要作用。
如今，一體化鄉村交通這一理念在坦桑尼亞已經深入人心，另一個重於的鄉村交通項目也即將在此開展。從馬科特項目中所獲得的經驗將大有幫助，馬科特地區也會爲將來的項目提供很好的參考範例。
劍橋雅思閱讀7原文解析(test2)
Test 2 Passage 1
Question 1
答案：YES
關鍵詞：1400 years
定位原文: 第1段第2句：“Records show that only two have collapsed during the last 1400 years.” 有記錄顯示，在過去1400年間，只有兩座倒塌了。
解題思路: 使用1400 years定位到第一段第二句，該句明確表明1400年間只有兩座日本寶塔倒塌
Question 2
答案：NO
關鍵詞：1995, Toji temple
定位原文: 第1段最後1句： “Yet it led the magnificent five-storey pagoda ...” 儘管大地震將京部附近東寺周圍的大量建築夷爲平地，可寺裏宏偉的五層寶塔卻完好無損。
解題思路: 本題的考點在於要將原文中的athed同題幹中的destroy對立起來。unscathed指“沒有負傷的，未受損傷的”，這樣就與題幹中的destroy(毀壞)相牴觸。
Question 3
答案： NOT GIVEN
關鍵詞：30 years
定位原文: 第2段第2句： “It was only thirty years ago that…” 僅僅在 30 年前，建築界的從業者們纔有足夠信心建造髙於十二層的鋼筋混凝土辦公大樓。
解題思路: 這句話與此題的唯一聯繫就是這個thirty years，拋開這一點，兩者簡直是牛頭不對馬嘴。即使讀完全段，也未見題幹中所表達的意思，而且the other buildings near the Toji pagoda的勉強對等成分也出現在第一段a number of buildings in the neighbourhood。一道題目的主要成分零散在文中數段，這就是典型的形散神必散型的NOT GIVEN。
Question 4
答案： YES
關鍵詞: builders, weather
定位原文: 第3段倒數第2句：“Clearly, Japanese carpenters of the day knew ...” 顯而易見，當時的日本木匠懂得一些竅門讓建築物可以順風搖擺，不與自然力量對抗，而是順應自然，從而穩穩矗立。
解題思路: 題幹中的absorb本指“吸收”，所謂吸收極端天氣的能量，其實就是爲了避免極端天氣如地震等的破壞。文中提到 allow a building to sway and settle itself rather than fight nature's force, nature's force 其實就是題幹中的the power produced by severe weather conditions, absorb對應rather than fight，不抵抗自然之力，而是順其自然，通過搖擺而穩穩站立住了。
Question 5
答案： B
關鍵詞：interior access to top
定位原文: 第4段第3、4句：“The Chinese built their pagodas.... When the pagoda reached staircase was dispensed with...” 中國人用磚石造塔，內設樓梯……當寶塔到達日本，日本人加以改進，樓梯被棄用了……
解題思路: 很明顯，只有中國的塔有樓梯，也就能方便地到達頂層;日本寶塔沒有樓梯，談何容易到達頂層呢? staircase樓梯，引申一下，就是中國寶塔的特點就是人們很容易就能登上塔頂。所以答案爲B。
Question 6
答案： A
關鍵詞：tiles on eaves
定位原文: 用 tile 一詞定位到第5段第2句：“For the same reason, the builders of Japanese ...” 出於同樣的原因，日本寶塔的建造者們通過採用較重的陶瓦來覆蓋這些延伸的屋檐從而大大增加自身的重量，而不像許多中國寶塔那樣採用瓷瓦。
解題思路: 這句話表明不管是日本塔還是中國塔，屋檐上當然都蓋着瓦，只是所用的瓦材質不同而已。所以答案是A。
Question 7
答案：B
關鍵詞： observation post
定位原文: 第4段第3、4句：“The them in later centuries mainly as watchtowers. When the pagoda reached Japan, staircase was dispensed...” 中國人……後來這些寶塔就主要用作守望塔。然而當這些寶塔傳入日本時，……日本寶塔沒有什麼實用性，更多是當作藝術品，所以沒有樓梯。
解題思路: 中國人將塔用作守望塔，watchtower就等同於observation post，而日本人僅僅將塔作爲藝術品來看待，並無實際用途，當然不會當守望塔用。答案當然是B
Question 8
答案：C
關鍵詞：eave，half the width of the building
定位原文:第5段第1句: “The roof of a Japanese temple building can be made to…”
解題思路: 聯繫上一段最後一句：Pagodas in China and Korea have nothing like the overhang that is found on pagodas in Japan. 兩句綜合在一起，表明只有日本寶塔有懸空的屋檐，而且日本寺廟建築的屋檐懸於建築物的側面之外部分的寬度可以達到建築物總寬的一半或更多。因此屋檐寬度超過建築物寬度一半的當然只有日本寶塔了。
Question 9
答案：A
關鍵詞： religious
定位原文: 第4段第2句：“As in China, they were first introduced with Buddhism…” 像在中國一樣，它們最初是隨着佛教而被引進的……
解題思路: Buddhism佛教，對應題乾的 religious as in China中的as表示“正如”，證明日本塔和中國塔都有宗教功能。所以答案是A。
Question 10
答案： C
關鍵詞： floors, loosely over each other
定位原文: 第8段倒數第3句 “More surprising is fact that …” 更令人驚訝的是日本寶塔的每一個單獨樓層間實際上都不相連，這一點不同於其他任何地方的同類建築。它們就像一摞帽子一樣只是被一層一層地疊加起來。
解題思路: unlike their counterparts再次強調這是日本塔所特有的，stack對應fitting，帽子的比喻表明樓層之間是鬆散地建造在一起的，所以答案爲C。
Question 11
答案: D
關鍵詞：shinbashira
定位原文: 第7段最後1句：The shinbashira, trained individual storeys from moving too far...
解題思路: 第6段第4句： shinbashira actually carries no load at all. 這句話直接否定了答案A。第5句：In fact, does not even rest on the ground...(甚至不碰觸地面)，既然不碰觸地面，也就無法連接樓層和地基了。答案C不可能。like a tall pine tree出現在第6段第2句，但是很快被作者用but the answer is not so simple給否定掉了，再說B 答案又是對這一句話的添油加醋，所以也不可能是答案。這樣，即使只用排除法，也可以確定答案是D。
Question 12
答案： C
關鍵詞：Shuzo Ishida
定位原文: 第7段第3句： “…his passion to understand the pagoda，has built a series of...”
解題思路: 根據文章對shinbashira描述，知道人們一直認爲其承擔了寶塔的重量，也就是C所指的力學，教授做實驗也是爲了驗證這一說法，這就對應了選項C。
Question 13
答案：C
關鍵詞：storey
定位原文: 第8段第3、4句： “More surprising is fact that the individual storeys…” 更令人驚訝的是日本寶塔的每一個單獨樓層間實際上都不相連，這一點不同於其他任何地方的同類建築。它們就像一摞帽子一樣只是被一層一層地疊加起來。
解題思路: 題目：日本寶塔的各個樓層是
A僅用木頭連接的。 C鬆鬆地彼此堆疊在一起。
B僅僅固定在中柱上。 D由特殊的重物相連。
答案爲C。
Test 2 Passage 2
Question 14
答案：E
關鍵詞：cost/ purifying domestic water
定位原文: E段第1句: “￡23m for the removal of the bug…”
解題思路: 解這道題的竅門是首先在題幹上發現cost一詞，可以推測出這一段一定會大談金錢。這樣只要到文中尋找錢的符號集中出現的段落就可以了，很容易就找到了E段，接着找到對應語句，選出答案。
Question 15
答案：B
關鍵詞：stages/farming industry
定位原文: B段第一句: “First mechanisation...”
解題思路: 此題解題竅門是要了解題幹中的stages在文中的體現。這個信息表明該段會講工業化農業的發展階段。複數表明不止一個階段，既然是發展那麼就會有時間標誌詞出現。當考生掃讀完A段到達B段的時候，就會發現first一詞，接着會發現then，第二個then，第三個then，最後找到now。儘管stage一詞並沒有出現，但是mechanisation, mass use of chemical fertilisers, monocultures, battery rearing of livestock和genetic engineering都是農業發展的具體體現，考生不難看出這個題對應的是B段。
Question 16
答案：C
關鍵詞：term/hidden costs
定位原文: C段第2句、第3句: “externalities... outside the main transaction... To many, the costs may not even...”
解題思路: C段提到：the costs of all this damage are what economists refer to as externalities，由此可分析出這個術語便指的是externalities (外部經濟效應)，作者緊接着在後面解釋了這些代價被稱爲外部經濟效應的原因，即它們不在主要交易過程之中，如生產或是出售一塊地裏的小麥，同時它們也不是由生產者和消費者直接來承擔的。hidden一詞在文中沒有出現，但是從上面的文字中不難看出來，那些代價或損不是人們所能直接看到的，是隱蔽的。所以答案是C段。
Question 17
答案：B
關鍵詞：effect/chemicals water sources
定位原文: B段最後一句“ growth of algae is increasing in lakes…”
解題思路: 在B段第二句會發現but the damage it has caused，瞭解到文章開始講工業化農業的影響了，damage與effect含義等同，接着找下去，在B段倒數第一行找到： the growth of algae is increasing in lakes because of the fertiliser run-off. fertiliser run-off指的是化肥的滲出(化肥當中所含的各種化學元素，在流入河川之後，會造成水中藻類的大量增生)，lakes對應水源，故答案是B段。
Question 18
答案：YES
關鍵詞：British countryside
定位原文: B 段第三句：“In Britain, for example…” 例如，在英國，許多深受人們喜愛的農田鳥類，比如雲雀、灰山鶉、麥雞和黍鵐，還有更多的野花和昆蟲，都已經從鄉村大片的土地上消失了。
解題思路: 先利用Britain將此題定位到文章B段，接着找到上面這句話，考生可以瞭解有一些鳥類、 野花和昆蟲都已經消失了，不同的幾個物種都在面臨着消失的尷尬境地。由此可以推知，英國鄉下野生物種的數量的確是在下降。vanish雖然不能夠和declining直接等同，但是兩者所表達的本意都是相同的，都是指物種的減少，故此題答案應該選YES。
Question 19
答案：NOT GIVEN
關鍵詞：taste/food
定位原文: B段後半段
解題思路: 沒有發現哪句話提到食物味道變糟糕，甚至連food一詞都沒有看到，因此已經可以判斷這是個完全沒有被提及的NOT GIVEN題。
Question 20
答案： NO
關鍵詞：financial costs
定位原文: C段首句：“Put it all together and it looks like…”
解題思路: 由以上C段中的內容可知，雖然我們的土地已經被工業化農業破壞得像個戰場般滿目瘡痍，但消費者在吃飯的時候卻很少能聯想到這些，更別說將這些破壞用金錢來衡量了。由此可推知，人們還沒有廣泛地認識到環境破壞所帶來的經濟代價。文中的rarely和To ...與題幹中的widely相互矛盾。由此可知答案是NO。
Question 21
答案： YES
關鍵詞：Professor Pretty, illness
定位原文: E段相對應數字處：“ ...￡169m from food poisoning;...”
解題思路: food poisoning指食物中毒，在用Professor Pretty的名字定位到E段之後，考生會發現這一段在列舉農業的隱形開銷，只要找到illness caused by food的對應成分food poisoning就可以了。Pretty教授的確計算了因食物引起的疾病就醫的花銷。
Question 22
答案：food bills/costs
關鍵詞：Professor/Pretty/concludes/higher
定位原文: E段倒數第2句: “Professor Pretty draws a simple but...”
解題思路: 根據空前的our確定空中要填名詞，後面的形容詞是higher。higher可以對應文中的threefold(三倍);because we make three different types of payment 也可以和threefold相對應。注意不要填成單數。
Question 23
答案：(modern) intensive farming
關鍵詞：Britain/reduce its reliance on
定位原文: F 段第2句: “Breaking away from industrial agriculture …”
解題思路: 空前有介詞on，證明空中要填名詞。原文中作者說對於一些國家來說，擺脫工業化農業生產方式的同時也解決飢餓問題是件很困難的事情，但在英國，對糧食的需求並非如此緊迫，並且現代化的密集型農業所耗費的成本和造成的損失清晰可見，放棄現代化農業是可行的。言外之意就是說英國現在太依賴intensive farming了，而要放棄intensive farming是可行的。所以空中應該填寫：intensive farming。
Question 24
答案： organic farming
關鍵詞：farmers/Pretty/government/change/a
定位原文: G 段第2、3、4句: “Professor Pretty feels that... Furthermore…He is recommending …”
解題思路: 原文中的 organic farming would be too big a jump in thinking and in practices for many farmers意爲“對於許多農民來說，有機農業在思想上和實踐上都是一個很大的跨越”，言外之意就是說許多農民都很難適應有機農業，在意思上與24空所在的半句相對應，所以24空應該填organic farming。
Question 25
答案：Greener Food Standard
關鍵詞：farmers/Pretty/government/change/a
定位原文: G 段第2、3、4句: “Professor Pretty feels that... Furthermore…He is recommending …”
解題思路: 25空只需要向下尋找，找到教授的名字，再找到不定冠詞a，很快就能找到正確答案Greener Food Standard，即他希望政府能馬上制定“綠色食品標準”
Question 26
答案：farmers, consumers
關鍵詞： ...
定位原文: G段最後1句: “It could go a long way...”
解題思路: 教授覺得上述計劃會幫助改變26...和...的態度。分析題目的結構可知，這裏要填並列關係的兩個名詞。文中句子裏的shift可以與題目中的change相對應，文中as well as連接的便是兩個並列成分，符合題目的結構，由此可知答案是farmers和consumers。也可以顛倒順序填寫。
Test 2 Passage 3
Question 27
答案: ii
關鍵詞：main transport problems
定位原文: Section B第2小段第1句: “ Before solutions could be proposed…”
解題思路: 此篇文章每個Section由多個段落組成，因此要讀過每個小段才能最終確認整個Section的大意。Section B的第一小段基本就在描述馬科特地區糟糕的交通狀況，純屬描述，考生應該快速略過，直奔第二小段。這一小段首句就提到：Before solutions could be proposed, the problems had to be understood. 這裏problems第一次原詞重現，正好與選項ii中的problems對應。再稍微向下看看，就能找到項目的第一階段主要集中於調研，並且做了一個涉及400 多家當地住戶的調査，後面就是該調査得出的數據。綜合這兩小段，顯然，本部分講的就是確定該地區的問題，也就是選項ii。
Question 28
答案： v
關鍵詞：initial improvements
定位原文: Section C 第1小段最後1句： “...a number of approaches were implemented in …”
第2小段第1句：“An improvement of the road network...”
第3小段最後1句：“It made sense to improve the paths by...”
第4小段最後1句： “After careful consideration…”
解題思路: 第一小段主要講項目第二階段的目標;第二小段提到改善路網，提供培訓;第三小段提到給當地人常走的小路修臺階、扶手和人行橋;第四小段提到使用獨輪車和驢這兩種交通工具。總結四段內容，不難發現，後三小段是交通改善的具體體現，也就不難得出答案爲選項v。有的考生可能會被viii或xi迷惑，但是與v相比，這兩個選項都太具體了，只是其中的一個方面，不夠全面。作爲整個Section的大意，應該是高度概括全面的。
Question 29
答案：x
關鍵詞：district officials
定位原文: Section E最後1句: “out the support and understanding of…”
解題思路: Section E本身只有兩句話，而且都集中在政府的作用上。段末提出要是沒有當地政府的支持和理解，就很難滿足當地村民們的需求，充分肯定了當地官員的作用，而所有的headings中只有x項在講述district officials(地區官員)，所以它就是正確答案。有的考生可能會被iv所迷惑，因爲它談到了政府官方的建議，貌似可以和E段的第一句相對應，雖然本段出現了 government authorities，但重點是解釋爲什麼在項目初期採取了政府下令民間執行的方式，而並未涉及到政府官員的instructions(建議)，故排除。
Question 30
答案：i
關鍵詞： future model
定位原文: Section F第2段最後1句：“ Makete District will act as a …”
解題思路: 對解題原則熟悉的考生，在符到選項i的future時，已經可以把它大膽地歸給文章的最後一段了，因爲帶有future一詞的選項的任務往往就是給文章收尾。但是如果考生覺得這樣猜測風險太大，那麼就可以通讀到Section F的最後一句，找到future model的對應詞reference，再在 reference後看到future work，也可以選出正確選項i。
Question 31
答案：NO
關鍵詞： five
定位原文: 全文結構
解題思路: 從Section E開始讚美當地官員、 Section F開始歌頌這個項目的重要性和對將來的影響，就應該能夠推測出來整個項目只有三個階段了。答案當然是NO。
Question 32
答案：YES
關鍵詞：prior to the start, rainy season
定位原文: Section B第1小段第1句： “When the project began…”
解題思路: 原句中的 began 對應題幹中的 start, virtually totally isolated 對應 almost inaccessible。inaccessible指“無法達到的，不可進入的”，正好對應isolated(與世隔絕的)，此題基本做到了詞語的一一對應。
Question 33
答案：NO
關鍵詞：Phase I
定位原文: Section B的第2小段第3句: “The socio-economic survey…”
解題思路: 從這句話可以看出，調查主要是關於當地家庭花在出行上的時間，並不是題目中所說的交通開銷。有的考生會說，那文章中也沒有明確說調查不是關於開銷的呀。在雅思閱讀文章中，每當提到事物的原因、做某事的目的、或者調查研究的目的時，一般這個原因和目的都是唯一的。也就是說，如果文中說這樣做的目的是A，題中說這麼做的目的是B， —般就選擇NO。
Question 34
答案： YES
關鍵詞：one-fifth or 20%
定位原文: 首先由題目中的one-fifth或者20%定位到Section B第二小段的80%
“80% was within the locality”.
解題思路: locality指“地區，區域”。該句說80%的家庭出行僅限於本地，推理一下，那麼剩下的20%出行是在本地之外了。做一個簡單的數學運算，就能得知答案爲YES。
Question 35
答案：NOT GIVEN
關鍵詞：capital
定位原文: 按順序原則定位到 Section C
解題思路: Section C 第1小段最後1句： “...a number of approaches were…” 在這句話中，並沒有提到首都。向下尋找，直到Section C的最後，capital一詞也沒有出現，這時已經完全可以肯定，這是一道無中生有、完全沒有提及型的NOT GIVEN。
Question 36
答案：D
關鍵詞：footbridges, steps, handrails
定位原文: Section C 第3小段：“Most goods were transported… It made sense to…” 大多數物資是通過小路運輸的，這些小路爲上下山提供了捷徑，但卻需要冒着很大的生命危險，要是步行就更艱難了。所以，就有必要通過修建臺階、扶手和人行橋等來改善路況。
解題思路: 找到這兩句話之後，開始在選項欄中尋找對應句尾，特別要注意特殊詞之間的聯繫，很快就能看到選項D: improved paths used for transport up and down hillsides. (改善用於上下山的小路)正好和文中原句對應。因此D就是正確答案
Question 37
答案：I
關鍵詞：breakdown, buses and trucks breakdown, buses and trucks
定位原文: Section D第4小段第1句：“The efforts to improve…” 由於當地大多數機動車發生故障時沒有條件修理，所以提升現有交通服務效率的努力並不是很成功。
解題思路: 題目中的buses and trucks 對應文中的 motorised vehicles，breakdown很容易和動詞詞組broke down相對應。作者在這裏再次進行了一次因果關係轉變。I選項中的hinder(阻礙)一詞是解題的關鍵，efficient對應文中的efficiency，該選項是原文前半句話的另一表達。答案是I。
Question 38
答案：G
關鍵詞：secondary roads and paths
定位原文: Section D第3小段第1句: “Paths and secondary roads were …” 只有願意參與道路建設與養護的社區提出要求時，施工方纔會去幫助他們改善小路和二級公路。
解題思路: 利用定位詞：很快就能定位到Section D第3小段第1句，再利用at the request of和 willing定位到選項G: was done only at the request of local people who were willing to lend a hand, willing to lend a hand 等同於文中的 willing to participate in construction and maintenance，都指意在公路的建設和養護中出力。答案是G。
Question 39
答案：E
關鍵詞: isolation, part of the year
定位原文: Section D的第2小段第1句：“The road improvements and…”
解題思路: 理解這句話時，可以結合原文Section B一開始就提到的馬科特地區在雨季就幾乎與世隔絕這個事實來理解。那麼該句可理解爲以往到了雨季就幾乎隔離的地區現在已經全年都可到達，言下之意隔離不再是個問題了，對應選項，只有E表達了這個意思。另外，原文這句話的意思並不能和題完全對應，所以，考生可以使用排除法，先去掉剛纔三道題目已經選過的選項，然後把剩下的選項逐一對應到題幹後面去，看看哪一句在語法和語義上都能夠說得通。考生很快會發現，只有一個答案可選，那就是E選項。
Question 40
答案：B
關鍵詞：main aim
定位原文: 全文結構
解題思路: 首先剔除D：三個正面，一個負面，負面選項先出局，大體瀏覽一下文章也能看出文中並未涉及這個內容;C項過於具體，驢的使用只是計劃的一部分，不夠全面;然後在剩下的A、B中比較：A屬於拔高型，文章只在最後提到馬科特的成功可以作爲以後的範例，並未直接說明其他國家需要，而且這也不是文章的主要內容;最終只有選項B概括了全文，答案爲B。
