劍橋雅思閱讀10真題解析(test2)
雅思閱讀部分的真題資料，同學們需要進行一些細緻的總結，比如說解析其實就是很重要的內容，接下來就是本站小編給同學們帶來的關於劍橋雅思閱讀10真題解析(test2)的內容，一起來詳細的分析一下吧，希望對你們的備考有所幫助。
劍橋雅思閱讀10原文(test2)
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following pages.
Questions 1-7
Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number，i-ix，in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet
List of Headings
i The search for the reasons for an increase in population
ii Industrialisation and the fear of unemployment
iii The development of cities in Japan
iv The time and place of the Industrial Revolution
v The cases of Holland, France and China
vi Changes in drinking habits in Britain
vii Two keys to Britain’s industrial revolution
viii Conditions required for industrialisation
ix Comparisons with Japan lead to the answer
1 Paragraph A
2 Paragraph B
3 Paragraph C
4 Paragraph D
5 Paragraph E
6 Paragraph F
7 Paragraph G
Tea and the Industrial Revolution
A Cambridge professor says that a change in drinking babits was the reason for the Industrial Revolution in Britain. Anjana Abuja reports
A Alan Macfarlane, professor of anthropological science at King’s College, Cambridge, has, like other historians, spent decades wrestling with the enigma of the Industrial Revolution. Why did this particular Big Bang — the world-changing birth of industry — happen in Britain? And why did it strike at the end of the 18th century?
B Macfarlane compares the puzzle to a combination lock. ‘There are about 20 different factors and all of them need to be present before the revolution can happen,’ he says. For industry to take off, there needs to be the technology and power to drive factories, large urban populations to provide cheap labour, easy transport to move goods around, an affluent middle-class willing to buy mass-produced objects, a market-driven economy and a political system that allows this to happen. While this was the case for England, other nations, such as Japan, the Netherlands and France also met some of these criteria but were not industrialising. ‘All these factors must have been necessary but not sufficient to cause the revolution,’ says Macfarlane. ‘After all, Holland had everything except coal while China also had many of these factors. Most historians are convinced there are one or two missing factors that you need to open the lock.’
C The missing factors, he proposes, are to be found in almost even kitchen curpboard. Tea and beer, two of the nation’s favourite drinks, fuelled the revolution. The antiseptic properties of tannin, the active ingredient in tea, and of hops in beer — plus the fact that both are made with boiled water — allowed urban communities to flourish at close quarters without succumbing to water-borne diseases such as dysentery. The theory sounds eccentric but once he starts to explain the detective work that went into his deduction, the scepticism gives way to wary admiration. Macfarlane’s case has been strengthened by support from notable quarters — Roy Porter, the distinguished medical historian, recently wrote a favourable appraisal of his research.
D Macfarlane had wondered for a long time how the Industrial Revolution came about. Historians had alighted on one interesting factor around the mid-18th century that required explanation. Between about 1650 and 1740，the population in Britain was static. But then there was a burst in population growth. Macfarlane says: ‘The infant mortality rate halved in the space of 20 years, and this happened in both rural areas and cities, and across all classes. People suggested four possible causes. Was there a sudden change in the viruses and bacteria around? Unlikely. Was there a revolution in medical science? But this was a century before Lister’s revolution_ Was there a change in environmental conditions? There were improvements in agriculture that wiped out malaria, but these were small gains. Sanitation did not become widespread until the 19th century. The only option left is food. But the height and weight statistics show a decline. So the food must have got worse. Efforts to explain this sudden reduction in child deaths appeared to draw a blank.’
E This population burst seemed to happen at just the right time to provide labour for the Industrial Revolution. ‘When you start moving towards an industrial revolution, it is economically efficient to have people living close together,’ says Macfarlane. ‘But then you get disease, particularly from human waste.’ Some digging around in historical records revealed that there was a change in the incidence of water-borne disease at that time, especially dysentery. Macfarlane deduced that whatever the British were drinking must have been important in regulating disease. He says, ‘We drank beer. For a long time, the English were protected by the strong antibacterial agent in hops, which were added to help preserve the beer. But in the late 17th century a tax was introduced on malt, the basic ingredient of beer. The poor turned to water and gin and in the 1720s the mortality rate began to rise again. Then it suddenly dropped again. What caused this?’
F Macfarlane looked to Japan, which was also developing large cities about the same time, and also had no sanitation. Water-borne diseases had a much looser grip on the Japanese population than those in Britain. Could it be the prevalence of tea in their culture? Macfarlane then noted that the history of tea in Britain provided an extraordinary coincidence of dates. Tea was relatively expensive until Britain started a direct clipper trade with China in the early 18th century. By the 1740s, about the time that infant mortality was dipping, the drink was common. Macfarlane guessed that the fact that water had to be boiled, together with the stomach-purifying properties of tea meant that the breast milk provided by mothers was healthier than it had ever been. No other European nation sipped tea like the British, which, by Macfarlane’s logic, pushed these other countries out of contention for the revolution.
G But, if tea is a factor in the combination lock, why didn’t Japan forge ahead in a tea-soaked industrial revolution of its own? Macfarlane notes that even though 17th-century Japan had large cities, high literacy rates, even a futures market, it had turned its back on the essence of any work-based revolution by giving up labour-saving devices such as animals, afraid that they would put people out of work. So, the nation that we now think of as one of the most technologically advanced entered the 19th century having ‘abandoned the wheel’.
_oseph Lister was the first doctor to use antiseptic techniques during surgical operations to prevent infections.
Questions 8-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
8 China’s transport system was not suitable for industry in the 18th century.
9 Tea and beer both helped to prevent dysentery in Britain.
10 Roy Porter disagrees with Professor Macfarlane’s findings.
11 After 1740，there was a reduction in population in Britain.
12 People in Britain used to make beer at home.
13 The tax on malt indirectly caused a rise in the death rate.
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
Gifted children and learning
A Internationally, ‘giftedness’ is most frequently determined by a score on a general intelligence test, known as an IQ test, which is above a chosen cutoff point, usually at around the top 2-5%. Children’s educational environment contributes to the IQ score and the way intelligence is used. For example, a very close positive relationship was found when children’s IQ scores were compared with their home educational provision (Freeman, 2010). The higher the children’s IQ scores, especially over IQ 130, the better the quality of their educational backup, measured in terms of reported verbal interactions with parents, number of books and activities in their home etc. Because IQ tests are decidedly influenced by what the child has learned, they are to some extent measures of current achievement based on age-norms; that is, how well the children have learned to manipulate their knowledge and know-how within the terms of the test. The vocabulary aspect, for example, is dependent on having heard those words. But IQ tests can neither identify the processes of learning and thinking nor predict creativity.
B Excellence does not emerge without appropriate help. To reach an exceptionally high standard in any area very able children need the means to learn, which includes material to work with and focused challenging tuition — and the encouragement to follow their dream. There appears to be a qualitative difference in the way the intellectually highly able think, compared with more average-ability or older pupils, for whom external regulation by the teacher often compensates for lack of internal regulation. To be at their most effective in their self-regulation, all children can be helped to identify their own ways of learning — metacognition — which will include strategies of planning, monitoring, evaluation, and choice of what to learn. Emotional awareness is also part of metacognition, so children should be helped to be aware of their feelings around the area to be learned, feelings of curiosity or confidence, for example.
C High achievers have been found to use self-regulatory learning strategies more often and more effectively than lower achievers, and are better able to transfer these strategies to deal with unfamiliar tasks. This happens to such a high degree in some children that they appear to be demonstrating talent in particular areas. Overviewing research on the thinking process of highly able children, (Shore and Kanevsky, 1993) put the instructor’s problem succinctly: ‘If they [the gifted] merely think more quickly, then we need only teach more quickly. If they merely make fewer errors, then we can shorten the practice’. But of course, this is not entirely the case; adjustments have to be made in methods of learning and teaching, to take account of the many ways individuals think.
D Yet in order to learn by themselves, the gifted do need some support from their teachers. Conversely, teachers who have a tendency to ‘overdirect’ can diminish their gifted pupils’ learning autonomy. Although ‘spoon-feeding’ can produce extremely high examination results, these are not always followed by equally impressive life successes. Too much dependence on the teachers risks loss of autonomy and motivation to discover. However, when teachers help pupils to reflect on their own learning and thinking activities, they increase their pupils’ self-regulation. For a young child, it may be just the simple question ‘What have you learned today?’ which helps them to recognise what they are doing. Given that a fundamental goal of education is to transfer the control of learning from teachers to pupils, improving pupils’ learning to learn techniques should be a major outcome of the school experience, especially for the highly competent. There are quite a number of new methods which can help, such as child-initiated learning, ability-peer tutoring, etc. Such practices have been found to be particularly useful for bright children from deprived areas.
E But scientific progress is not all theoretical, knowledge is a so vital to outstanding performance: individuals who know a great deal about a specific domain will achieve at a higher level than those who do not (Elshout, 1995). Research with creative scientists by Simonton (1988) brought him to the conclusion that above a certain high level, characteristics such as independence seemed to contribute more to reaching the highest levels of expertise than intellectual skills, due to the great demands of effort and time needed for learning and practice. Creativity in all forms can be seen as expertise mixed with a high level of motivation (Weisberg, 1993).
F To sum up, learning is affected by emotions of both the individual and significant others. Positive emotions facilitate the creative aspects of learning and negative emotions inhibit it. Fear, for example, can limit the development of curiosity, which is a strong force in scientific advance, because it motivates problem-solving behaviour. In Boekaerts’ (1991) review of emotion the learning of very high IQ and highly achieving children, she found emotional forces in harness. They were not only curious, but often had a strong desire to control their environment, improve their learning efficiency and increase their own learning resources.
Questions 14-17
Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
14 a reference to the influence of the domestic background on the gifted child
15 reference to what can be lost if learners are given too much guidance
16 a reference to the damaging effects of anxiety
17 examples of classroom techniques which favour socially-disadvantaged children
Questions 18-22
Look at the following statements (Questions 18-22) and the list of people below.
Match each statement with the correct person or people, A-E.
Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 18-22 on your answer sheet.
18 Less time can be spent on exercises with gifted pupils who produce accurate work.
19 Self-reliance is a valuable tool that helps gifted students reach their goals.
20 Gifted children know how to channel their feelings to assist their learning.
21 The very gifted child benefits from appropriate support from close relatives.
22 Really successful students have learnt a considerable amount about their subject.
List of People
A Freeman
B Shore and Kanevsky
C Elshout
D Simonton
E Boekaerts
Questions 23-26
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet
23 One study found a strong connection between children’s IQ and the availability of and
at home.
24 Children of average ability seem to need more direction from teachers because they do not have
25 Metacognition involves children understanding their own learning strategies, as well as developing
26 Teachers who rely on what is known as often produce sets of impressive grades in class tests.
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.
Museums of fine art and their public
The fact that people go to the Louvre museum in Paris to see the original painting Mona Lisa when they can see a reproduction anywhere leads us to question some assumptions about the role of museums of fine art in today’s world
One of the most famous works of art in the world is Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa. Nearly everyone who goes to see the original will already be familiar with it from reproductions, but they accept that fine art is more rewardingly viewed in its original form.
However, if Mona Lisa was a famous novel, few people would bother to go to a museum to read the writer’s actual manuscript rather than a printed reproduction. This might be explained by the fact that the novel has evolved precisely because of technological developments that made it possible to print out huge numbers of texts, whereas oil paintings have always been produced as unique objects. In addition, it could be argued that the practice of interpreting or ‘reading’ each medium follows different conventions. With novels, the reader attends mainly to the meaning of words rather than the way they are printed on the page, whereas the ‘reader’ of a painting must attend just as closely to the material form of marks and shapes in the picture as to any ideas they may signify.
Yet it has always been possible to make very accurate facsimiles of pretty well any fine art work. The seven surviving versions of Mona Lisa bear witness to the fact that in the 16th century, artists seemed perfectly content to assign the reproduction of their creations to their workshop apprentices as regular ‘bread and butter’ work. And today the task of reproducing pictures is incomparably more simple and reliable, with reprographic techniques that allow the production of high-quality prints made exactly to the original scale, with faithful colour values, and even with duplication of the surface relief of the painting.
But despite an implicit recognition that the spread of good reproductions can be culturally valuable, museums continue to promote the special status of original work.
Unfortunately, this seems to place severe limitations on the kind of experience offered to visitors.
One limitation is related to the way the museum presents its exhibits. As repositories of unique historical objects, art museums are often called ‘treasure houses’. We are reminded of this even before we view a collection by the presence of security guards, attendants, ropes and display cases to keep us away from the exhibits. In many cases, the architectural style of the building further reinforces that notion. In addition, a major collection like that of London’s National Gallery is housed in numerous rooms, each with dozens of works, any one of which is likely to be worth more than all the average visitor possesses. In a society that judges the personal status of the individual so much by their material worth, it is therefore difficult not to be impressed by one’s own relative ‘worthlessness’ in such an environment.
Furthermore, consideration of the ‘value’ of the original work in its treasure house setting impresses upon the viewer that, since these works were originally produced, they have been assigned a huge monetary value by some person or institution more powerful than themselves. Evidently, nothing the viewer thinks about the work is going to alter that value, and so today’s viewer is deterred from trying to extend that spontaneous, immediate, self-reliant kind of reading which would originally have met the work.
The visitor may then be struck by the strangeness of seeing such diverse paintings, drawings and sculptures brought together in an environment for which they were not originally created. This ‘displacement effect’ is further heightened by the sheer volume of exhibits. In the case of a major collection, there are probably more works on display than we could realistically view in weeks or even months.
This is particularly distressing because time seems to be a vital factor in the appreciation of all art forms. A fundamental difference between paintings and other art forms is that there is no prescribed time over which a painting is viewed. By contrast, the audience encounters an opera or a play over a specific time, which is the duration of the performance. Similarly, novels and poems are read in a prescribed temporal sequence, whereas a picture has no clear place at which to start viewing, or at which to finish. Thus art works themselves encourage us to view them superficially, without appreciating the richness of detail and labour that is involved.
Consequently, the dominant critical approach becomes that of the art historian, a specialised academic approach devoted to ‘discovering the meaning’ of art within the cultural context of its time. This is in perfect harmony with the museum’s function, since the approach is dedicated to seeking out and conserving ‘authentic’, ‘original’ readings of the exhibits. Again, this seems to put paid to that spontaneous, participatory criticism which can be found in abundance in criticism of classic works of literature, but is absent from most art history.
The displays of art museums serve as a warning of what critical practices can emerge when spontaneous criticism is suppressed. The museum public, like any other audience, experience art more rewardingly when given the confidence to express their views. If appropriate works of fine art could be rendered permanently accessible to the public by means of high-fidelity reproductions, as literature and music already are, the public may feel somewhat less in awe of them. Unfortunately, that may be too much to ask from those who seek to maintain and control the art establishment.
Questions 27-31
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-L, below.
Write the correct letter, A-L, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.
The value attached to original works of art
People go to art museums because they accept the value of seeing an original work of art. But they do not go to museums to read original manuscripts of novels, perhaps because the availability of novels has depended on 27 for so long, and also because with novels, the 28 are the most important thing.
However, in historical times artists such as Leonardo were happy to instruct 29 to produce copies of their work and these days new methods of reproduction allow excellent replication of surface relief features as well as colour and 30
It is regrettable that museums still promote the superiority of original works of art, since this may not be in the interests of the 31
A institution B mass production C mechanical processes
D public E paints F artist
G size H underlying ideas I basic technology
J readers K picture frames L assistants
Questions 32-35
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet
32 The writer mentions London’s National Gallery to illustrate
A the undesirable cost to a nation of maintaining a huge collection of art.
B the conflict that may arise in society between financial and artistic values.
C the negative effect a museum can have on visitors’ opinions of themselves.
D the need to put individual well-being above large-scale artistic schemes.
33 The writer says that today, viewers may be unwilling to criticise a work because
A they lack the knowledge needed to support an opinion.
B they fear it may have financial implications.
C they have no real concept of the work’s value.
D they feel their personal reaction is of no significance.
34 According to the writer, the ‘displacement effect’ on the visitor is caused by
A the variety of works on display and the way they are arranged.
B the impossibility of viewing particular works of art over a long period.
C the similar nature of the paintings and the lack of great works.
D the inappropriate nature of the individual works selected for exhibition.
35 The writer says that unlike other forms of art, a painting does not
A involve direct contact with an audience.
B require a specific location for a performance.
C need the involvement of other professionals.
D have a specific beginning or end.
Questions 36-42
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
36 Art history should focus on discovering the meaning of art using a range of media.
37 The approach of art historians conflicts with that of art museums.
38 People should be encouraged to give their opinions openly on works of art.
39 Reproductions of fine art should only be sold to the public if they are of high quality.
40 In the future, those with power are likely to encourage more people to enjoy art.
劍橋雅思閱讀10原文參考譯文(test2)
Passage 1參考譯文：
茶與工業革命
一個劍橋教授稱英國工業革命的導火索是飲水習性的改變。
——Anjana Ahuja 報道
Macfarlane，劍橋大學國王學院的一位人類學教授，正如其他的歷史學家那樣，他已經花費數十年的時間來攻克工業革命這個來解之迷。爲何這個獨特的大爆炸能帶來世界性的變化的工業革命——偏偏就發生在英國?爲何這個革命又偏偏是發生在18世紀末?
arlane把這個未解之謎比作是密碼鎖。他說：“大約有20種不同的因素，而且所有的這些因素在工業革命發生之前就已存在。”由於工業已經騰飛需要科技生產力及能源來推動工廠的發展，大量的城市人口提供廉價的勞動力，有方便快捷的交通運輸來轉運貨物，富足的中產階級願意購買大規模生產的物品，以及以市場爲導向的政治經濟體系，所有的這些都爲此提供了可能性。然而，這些只是發生在英國的例子，至於其他的國家，比如日本、荷蘭和法國，也有類似的可能性條件，但是這幾個國家最終還是沒有發生工業革命(產業化)。“所有的這些因素都是工業革命發生的必需卻非充分條件。” Macfarlane說，“畢競荷蘭擁有一切資源，除了煤礦，中國也有很多這些因素。很多歷史學家堅信打開這個謎的密碼肯定還有一到兩個因素是我們遺漏的。”
C.那這些我們遺漏的因素，他提出，幾乎可以在每個廚房的櫥櫃中找到。茶和啤酒，這兩種在全國最受歡迎的飲料，就是工業革命的導火線。茶中的活性成分單寧，以及啤酒當中的啤酒花，都有殺菌的特性，加之茶和啤酒都是由熱水製成，近距離的城市社區繁榮發展，而不受由水引發的疾病的迫害，比如痢疾。這個理論聽上去有點奇怪，但是一旦他解釋他推理中的探求工作後，懷疑就轉變爲對其謹慎態度的讚賞。Macfarlane的案例因得到著名的藥學歷史學家Roy Porter的支持而得以加強，最近Roy Porter寫了一篇對此研究的有利評估。
arlane想知道工業革命是如何發生已經有很長一段時間了。歷史學家們偶然發現了一個發生在18世紀中期的需要解釋的有趣因素。在大約1650年到1740年間，英國的人口是靜止不變的。 但是在那時(18世紀中期)，英國的人口是爆發增長的。Macfarlane說：“嬰兒死亡率在20年間減少一半，並且同時發生在鄉村和城市，貫穿所有的階級。人們覺得有四種原因導致這種現象發生。有沒有可能是病毒和細菌的突然變異?不可能。當時有發生醫學科學的革命嗎?當時確實有一種可以消滅瘧疾的農業進步，但是這些只是一些小進步。直到19世紀的時候，衛生系統才得以傳播開來。排除這些因素後，剩餘的唯一可能就只有食物了。新生兒的身高和體重都顯示了下降。因此，食物肯定也變得更糟。所有尋找造成兒童死亡率突然降低的努力都一無所獲。
E.人口的爆發看起來剛好就發生在工業革命需要大量勞動力的這個契機。“當社會朝着產業化前進時，人們近距離地生活在一起是經濟有效的，” Macferlane說，“但是當時人若生病了，很可能是來自於人們的排泄物。一些歷史記錄揭示了當時水污染疾病的發生率發生了改變，特別是痢疾。Macfarlane發現，無論當時英國人喝的是什麼，喝的這個東西都會對調節疾病發生率很重要。他說：“我們喝啤酒。很久以來，英國人都被啤酒酒花中強大的抗生素所保護，這種酒花是加在啤酒中用以保存啤酒的。但在17世紀末，麥芽開始收稅，這是啤酒的基本組成部分。窮人因此轉向喝水和松子酒，在18世紀20年代人口的死亡率又開始上升。然後又突然再次下降。是什麼造成這種現象?”
arlane研究日本，此時的日本也是向大城市發展，也沒有衛生系統的發展。水污染疾病並沒有像英國那樣對曰本的人口造成很大的影響。 會是茶在日本文化中普遍存在的緣故 嗎? Macfarlane由此指出，在英國，茶的歷史提供了一個意外的巧合。茶的價格是相對很貴的， 直到1S世紀的早期，英國對中國開始了貿易的黃金時代。1740年，也就是嬰兒死亡率開始下降的時期，飲茶是很尋常的。Macfarlane猜測是水被煮沸，同時茶清腸胃的特性意味着母乳與以往相比更健康。歐洲沒有任何一個國家像英國這樣嗜茶，也就是，按照Macfarlane的邏輯，歐洲的這些國家沒有獲得在產業革命中名列前茅的機會。
G.但是，如果茶是一個密碼鎖的因素，那爲什麼日本沒有在它自己浸染茶文化中穩步前進地發生工業革命? Macfarlane指出儘管在17世紀日本已經有大城市高教育文化率甚至期貨市場，日本最終仍然放棄勞動力的替代，比如動物，而回歸到工作本位，因爲害怕會使人們失業。因此，我們現在認爲的科技最進步的國家之一，在進入19世紀時放棄了“工業革命的車輪”。
Test 2 Passage 2參考譯文：
天才兒童與學習
A. 國際上我們最經常使用一個通用的智力測試，即智商測試的分數來衡量一個人的天賦，一般需要超過一定的分數，大概達到前2%到5%的程度，才能被認爲是有天賦。孩子的教育環境對智商分數和智力的使用途徑有很大的幫助。比如，我們會發現孩子的智商水平和他們所接受的家庭教 育有很密切的關聯(Freeman, 20)。孩子的智商水平越高，尤其是高於130的時候，他們所得到的預備教育的質量就越高，其質量是以孩子與父母的語言交流，還有他們家中書的數量和活動衡量的。因爲智商測試是會受到孩子所學的內容決定性的影響，這類測試衡量到的是基於他們所處年齡所學到的東西;也就是說，他們是多好地掌握了所有的知識和在這個考試以內涉及的技巧。就詞彙而言，很大程度取決於這些學生是否聽說過這些詞彙。但是智商測試既不能辨識學習和思考過程，也不能預見創造能力。
B.適當的幫助才能讓人變得優秀。不管在任何領域，爲了達到一個極其高的標準，能力強的孩子也需要學習方式，包括學習使用的材料和專注的有挑戰性的指導，還需要去鼓勵孩子們去追逐自己夢想。看上去智商高、能力強的孩子和那些智力平庸或年紀稍大的小學生之間有着質的區別，因爲後者需要老師給出外在的規這以彌補他們自我約束的缺乏。爲了達到自我約束的最佳效果，所有 的孩子都應該得到幫助以認識自己的學習模式——元認知——這其中包含了學習計劃的策略、監督、評估和選擇學習的對象。情感認知也是元認知的一部分，所以舉個例子來說，孩子必須有人幫助他們認識對即將學習的領域的感受，比如覺得好奇或者自信的感受。
C.我們發現優等生更經常和更有效使用自律的學習策略，相比不那麼優秀的學生而言，他們也更能夠把這些策略利用於不熟悉的任務。 這很大程度反映在某些孩子在某些領域展示了自己的才華。縱覽關於能力出衆的孩子的思維模式的研究(Shore and Kanevsky, 1993)，它更簡潔明瞭地指出教育者的問題：“如果他們(有天賦的孩子)僅僅思考得更快，那麼我們需要推進教學的進度。如果他們僅僅越來越少犯錯，那麼我們需要減少練習的時間。”但是當然，這並不能涵蓋所有情況;在教學方法中總有些調整，因爲要考慮個體思考的多種方式。
D.然而爲了自學，聰明的孩子確實需要從他們的老師那裏獲得更多支持。反言之，那些喜歡“過分指導”的老師會降低有天賦的學生的學習自主性。因爲“填鴨式”的教學會產生很好的考試結果，但這並不意味着人生同等的成功。對老師過分的依賴會導致學習自主性和探索慾望的缺失。無論如何，當老師們幫助學生去了解他們自己的想法和學習活動時，他們也增加了孩子的自律性。對一個小孩子而言，這可能 就如同“你今天學到了什麼”，這個幫助他們認識到自己正在做什麼的簡單問題一樣。考慮到教育的一個 基本目標就是將來自老師的控制學習轉移給學生，改善學生學習的技巧也是在學校讀書過程中的重要收穫，尤其對於那些能力很高的孩子。還有很多新的方式可以在一些方面幫助孩子，比如在學習初級階段、 同齡人的能力指導等。我們發現這樣的實踐對貧困地區的聰明孩子尤其有用。
E.但是科學過程並不總是理論式的，知識對一個人優異的表現也是關鍵的：那些對某一領域認知很深入的人會比對此沒有認識的人水平更高(Elshout 1995)。Simonton (1998)關於有創意的科學家的研究讓他有了這樣一個結論：在一定的水平之上，性格特徵諸如獨立，比起智力在尋求最高水平的專業知識方面發揮的作用更大，因爲學習和練習需要大量的精力和時間。任何方式的創造性都能夠被認爲是專業和強烈動力的融合(Weisberg，1993)。
F.總而言之，學習是會受到個體和其他重要因素的情緒的雙重影響的。積極的情緒可以促進學習的創造力，而消極的情緒則抑制了創造力。比如說恐懼會限制好奇心的發展，而好奇心恰恰是科學進步的重要推動力，因爲它能夠鼓勵解決問題的行爲。在Boekaert的( 1991)關於在智商很高和學習成果很好的孩子的情緒回顧上，她發現情緒力量是很重要的。他們不僅僅是好奇的，而且經常有強烈的慾望去控制自己的環境，改善學習效率以及增加他們的學習資源。
Test 2 Passage 3參考譯文：
藝術博物館及其觀衆
當在世界各地都可以看到仿製品的時候，人們還是會去羅浮宮欣賞原版的“蒙娜麗莎”畫作，這一事實讓我們對關於當今藝術博物館角色的一些設想存疑。
達·芬奇的蒙娜麗莎是世界上最爲著名的畫作之一 。幾乎每個去觀看原作的人都已通過仿製品熟知這幅作品，但他們承認，欣賞原版的藝術作品是更有價值的。
然而，如果“蒙娜麗莎”是本著名小說，少有人會費心去博物館閱讀作者的原版手稿，而會選擇閱讀打印好的副本。或許這可以解釋爲：小說的演化恰好是因爲技術的進步，從而可以印製出大量的文本，但是油畫一直是作爲獨一無二的物件被製作的。另外，有人會辯駁道，解讀或“閱讀”不同的媒介應該遵循不同的慣例。對於小說，人們主要關注詞句的意思而不是它們被印刷在紙上的方式，然而藝術作品的“讀者”必須密切關注圖畫中所有標記、形狀的材質形式和這些形式所象徵表達的內容。
不過，精美地製作出任何美術作品的高仿品一直都是可能的。現存的七件蒙娜麗莎的作品佐證了一個事實，即在16世紀，藝術家們很樂意把仿製他們作品的工作分配給他們工作室的學徒們，作爲他們常規的謀生手段。如今複製畫作的工作變得無比簡單可靠，因爲複印技術能夠讓我們獲得高質量的，與原作尺寸一致、色值相同的印刷品，甚至還可以複製作品表面的浮雕效果。
然而，儘管人們默認傳播優秀的複製品有寶貴的文化價值，但是藝術博物館依然宣傳真跡的特殊地位。
不幸的是，這嚴重限制了博物館參觀者的體驗。
其中一個限制是關於博物館呈現其展品的方式。作爲獨一無二的歷史物品的儲藏地，藝術博物館常常被稱爲“寶庫”。這一點在我們參觀展覽時，有保安、服務人員、繩索和展示櫃將我們與展覽系列隔離之前，就早已得到提醒。很多情況下，相關建築的風格強化了這個感受。另外，就像英國倫敦國家美術館的一個主要的收藏系列，會被存放在無數個房間裏，每個房間存放幾十件作品，其中任何一件作品的價值可能都要超過普通遊客的所有財富。在一個個人地位很大程度上取決於其物質財富的社會，很難讓人不因在這個環境中相比而產生的卑微而感到印象深刻。
進一步而言，考慮到原版作品能被放在這樣的“寶庫”所意味着的價值，觀衆內心是震撼的，因爲正是由於它們是原版的，它們才能被某個比他們權威的個人或機構賦予巨大的金錢價值。顯然無論現衆怎麼看待美術作品，也改變不了其價值，因此，現在的參觀者拘泥於表達自己直接、即時、自我的作品解讀，那種原本一見到作品就產生的原始解讀。
遊客們可能被一種陌生感所震撼，這種震撼感是源於看到多樣的油畫、繪畫作品和雕塑集中置於一個並不是它們被創造的環境裏。這種“錯位”的效果會被展品的大量數量進一步加強。以一個主要的收藏系列爲例，一次展示的作品可能會比我們數星期或者數月所能夠看完的還要多。
這樣的情況特別讓人苦惱，因爲時間似乎是欣賞所有藝術形式的一個重要因素。在欣賞畫作和其他藝術品之間一個最根本的區別就是欣賞畫作並沒有被賦予具體的欣賞時間。相反的，現衆可以有一段具體的時間欣賞話劇或者戲劇，這段時間就是表演的持續時間。類似的是，小說和詩歌也可以在一段有順序的時間內被讀完，然而一幅畫沒有一個明確開始欣賞和結束的點。因此，藝術畫作本身就鼓勵人們進行膚淺的欣賞，而人們並不會細細欣賞作品細節的豐富性和背後的辛勞。
因此，最具主導性的方式是藝術歷史學家的方法，一種專門致力於結合作品時代的文化背景去“尋找藝術品的意義”的專門的學術方法。這種方法與博物館的功能很好地結合了，因爲它是被用於尋找和保護對展品的“可信的”與“原創的”解讀。再次，這看上去終結了那些在經典文學作品中大量常見的自發和分享的批判，這類批判在大多數的藝術史中是不存在的。
當自發的批評行爲被遏制的時候，一旦出現什麼批評類的行爲，藝術博物館的展覽可以作爲一種警示。那些去藝術博物館參觀的人，像其他任何的觀衆一樣，當他們被給予自信去表達他們的觀點時，那麼他們會覺得鑑賞藝術是更有價值的。如果合適的藝術作品可以永久地通過高仿真的複製品呈現給大衆，就像學術文獻和音樂一樣們也許對這藝術作品會產生更少的敬畏。不幸的是，這也許對那些尋求保持和控制藝術機構的人是太高的要求。
劍橋雅思閱讀10真題解析(test2)
Passage 1
Question 1
難度及答案：難度低;答案爲iv
關鍵詞：time and place
定位原文：A段最後兩句“Why did this…of the 18th century?”爲何這個獨特的大爆炸——能帶來世界性的變化的工業革命——偏偏就發生在英國?爲何這個革命又偏偏在18世紀末?
解題思路：A 段中提到了 happen in Britain 以及 at the end of thel8th century, 與iv 選項當中的time和place是對應的關係。
Question 2
難度及答案：難度低;答案爲viii
關鍵詞：conditions required
定位原文：B 段第 2 句 “There are about 20 different…he says.” 他說：“大約有 20種不同的因素，而且所有的這些因素在工革命發生之前就已存在。”
解題思路：B段中主要論述的是工業革命在英國發生的前提條件，與其他不同的國家做出了對比。
Question 3
難度及答案：難度低;答案爲vii
關鍵詞：Two keys
定位原文：C 段第 2 句 “Tea and beer, two of... fuelled the revolution.” 茶和啤酒，這兩種在全國最受歡迎的飲料，就是工業革命的導火線。
解題思路：C段主要論述的是茶和啤酒在英國工業革命當中的作用。
Question 4
難度及答案 ：難度低;答案爲i
關鍵詞：reasons, an increase in population
定位原文：D段第4、6句“But then there possible causes.” 但是在那時(18世紀中期)，英國的人口是爆發增長的……人們覺得有四種原因是導致這種現象發生。
解題思路：D段主要論述英國人口快速增長的背後潛在原因。
Question 5
難度及答案：難度低;答案爲vi
關鍵詞：Changes, drinking habits
定位原文：E段第4、9、10句“Some digging around... it suddenly dropped again.”一些歷史記錄揭示了當時水污染疾病的發生率發生了改變，特別是痢疾……窮人因此轉向喝水和松子酒，在18世紀20年代人口的死亡率又開始上升。然後又突然再次下降。
解題思路：E段主要論述英國人飲水習慣的變化和健康水平的變化。
Question 6
難度及答案：難度低;答案爲ix
關鍵詞：comparison Japan
定位原文：F段第 1、2 句 “Macfarlane looked to…those in Britain.” Macfarlane研究日本，此時的日本也是向大城市發展，也沒有衛生系統的發展。水污染疾病並沒有像英國那樣對日本的人口造成很大的影響。
解題思路：F段主要論述的是和日本相比較，從而研究者得出了自己的結論。
Question 7
難度及答案：難度低;答案爲ii :
關鍵詞：fear of unemployment
定位原文：G 段第 2 句 “Macfarlane notes that…people out of work.” Macfarlane 指出盡 管在17世紀日本已經有大城市、高教育文化率，甚至期貨市場，日本最終仍然放棄勞動力的替代，比如動物，而回歸到工作本位，因爲害怕會使人們失業。
解題思路：G段主要論述的是日本沒有最早發生工業革命的原因是害怕失業。
Question 8
參考譯文：在18世紀的中國，交通系統並不適合工業發展。
難度及答案：難度中等;答案爲NOT GIVEN
關鍵詞：China 、not suitable, the 18th century
定位原文：B段倒數第2句“After all... had many of these factors.”畢竟荷蘭擁有一切資源, 除了煤礦，中國也有很多這些因素。
解題思路：考生利用China這個詞可以定位到B段倒數第2句，此句說到中國也有很多這些因素，並沒有明確提到交通系統不適合工業發展。
Question 9
參考譯文：茶和啤酒都幫助阻止了癡疾在英國的發生。
難度及答案：難度中等;答案爲TRUE
關鍵詞: dysentery
定位原文: C 段第 3 句 “The antiseptic properties…diseases such as dysentery.” 茶中的活性成分單寧，以及啤酒當中的啤酒花，都有殺菌的特性，加之荼和啤酒都是由熱水製成，使近距離的城市社區繁榮發展，而不受由水引發的疾病的迫害。 比如痢疾。
解題思路：考生可以利用tea以及beer以及dysentery定位到C段第3句。但是有些考生難以理解without succumbing to (不向……屈服)，有意識到題目就是這句話的對應改寫。
Question 10
參考譯文：Roy Porter不同意Macfarlane教授的調査結果。
難度及答案：難度低;答案爲FALSE
關鍵詞：Roy Porter、disagrees
定位原文：C 段最後一句 “Macfarlane’s case has been…of his research.” Macfarlane的案例因得到著名的藥學歷史學家Roy Porter的支持而得以加強，最近Roy Porter 寫了一篇對此研究的有利評估。
解題思路: 考生利用Roy Porter可以定位到C段最後一句，判斷題目當中的disagrees與原文明顯不符。
Question 11
參考譯文：1740年後，英國的人口減少了。
難度及答案：難度低;答案爲FALSE
關鍵詞：After 1740, reduction
定位原文：D段第3、4句 “Between about 1650.., burst in population growth.” 在大約 1650年到1740年間，英國的人口是靜止不變的。但是在那時(18世紀中期)， 英國的人口是爆發增長的。
解題思路：考生利用After 1740定位到D段第3、4句，static表示“靜態的” ，burst表示“爆發”，與題目中的reduction意思相反。
Question 12
參考譯文：英國人過去在家釀啤酒。
難度及答案：難度低;答案爲NOT GIVEN
關鍵詞：at home
定位原文：E 段第 6 句到最後一句 “He says, ‘We drank... What caused this?’” 他說：“我們喝啤酒。很久以來，英國人都被啤酒酒花中強大的抗生素所保護，這種酒花是加在啤酒中用以保存啤酒的。但在17世紀末，麥芽開始收稅，這是啤酒的基本組成部分。窮人因此轉向喝水和松子酒，在18世紀20年代人的死亡率又開始上升。然後又突然再次下降。是什造成這種現象?”
解題思路：E段最後一句說明了英國人喝啤酒，但並未說明英國人在哪裏釀造啤酒，所以此 題應務NOT GIVEN。
Question 13
參考譯文:對麥芽的徵稅間接地造成了死亡率的上升。
難度及答案:難度高;答案爲TRUE
關鍵詞：tax on malt、 indirectly、rise in die death rate
定位原文：E 段第6 句到最後一句“He says，‘We drank…What caused this?’”他說：“我們喝啤酒。很久以來，英國人都被啤酒酒花中強大的抗生素所保護，這種酒花是加在啤酒中用以保存啤酒的。但在17世紀末，麥芽開始收稅，這是啤酒的基本組成部分。人因此轉向喝水和松花酒，在18世紀20年代人口的死亡率又開始上升, 突然再次下降。是什麼造成這種現象?”
解題思路：此句提及因爲麥芽徵稅，所以查人不得不喝水和松子酒，所以死亡率上升了， 這種關係是間接的。因此答案是TRUE。
Passage 2
Question 14
參考譯文：提到了家庭背景對天才兒童的影響。
難度及答案：難度低，答案爲A。
關鍵詞：domestic background
定位原文：A段第3句“For educational provision(Freeman,2010).”比如，我們會發現孩子的智商水平和他們所接受的家庭教育有很密切的關聯(Freeman,2010).
解題思路：題目中的domestic background 與原文中的home educational provision是同義表達，此段後面進一步說明天才兒童與其家庭環境的關係。
Question 15
參考譯文：暗示如果學習者被給予太多指導，某些東西就會缺失。
難度及答案：難度低;答案爲D
關鍵詞：loses、 too much guidance
定位原文：D段第2句“Conversely, teachers who ls’ learning autonomy.” 反言之，那些喜歡“過分指導”的老師會降低有天賦學生的學習自主性。
解題思路：段落D當中的overdirect相當於題幹中的too much guidance，diminish... autonomy 指的就是what can be lost。
Question 16
參考譯文： 焦慮的破壞性影響的提及。
難度及答案： 難度低;答案爲F
關鍵詞：damaging effects s anxiety
定位原文: F段第 2、3 句 “Positive emotions facilitate…it motivates problem-solving behaviour.”積極的情緒可以促進學習的創造力，而消極的情緒則抑制了創造力。比如說恐懼會限制好奇心的發展，而好奇心恰恰是科學進步的重要推動力，因爲它能夠鼓勵解決問題的行爲。
解題思路：此段中提及了消極情緒，例如fear對好奇心的抑制，不利於好奇心的培養。而題目中的anxiety 與 fear是同義詞，都是消極的情緒。
Question 17
參考譯文： 有利於社會地位較低的孩子的課堂技巧的例子。
難度及答案： 難度低;答案爲D
關鍵詞： techniques 、socially-disadvantaged
定位原文： D 段最後一句 “Such practices have been…from deprived areas.” 我們發現這樣的實踐對貧困地區的聰明孩子尤其有用。
解題思路： 題目當中的 socially-disadvantaged children 相當於原文中的 children from deprived areas, favour 指的就是 be particularly use for、 classroom techniques對應於原文中的such practices。本題出現了大量的同義替換的設置。
Question 18
參考譯文： 能準確完成學習任務的天才學生可以在練習上少花時間。
難度及答案： 難度低;答案爲B
關鍵詞： less time 、 accurate work
定位原文： C段第3、4句 “Overviewing research on the... teach more quickly.”， 縱覽關於能力出衆的孩子的思維模式的研究(Shore and Kanevsky，1993)，它更精確地指出教育者的問題：“如果他們(有天賦的孩子)僅僅思考得更快，那麼我們只需要推進教學的進度。如果他們僅僅越來越少犯錯，那麼我們需要減少練習的時間。"
解題思路： 此題型應先瀏覽全文，快速找到選項中的人名在題目中的位置。題目當中的 accurate work 與原文當中的 fewer errors 相對應。題幹當中的 less time spent on exercise 相當於 shorten the practice。所以答案擇 B。
Question 19
參考譯文： 自我依靠是有價值的工具，它可以幫助天才學生實現目標。
難度及答案： 難度低;答案爲D
關鍵詞： self-reliance 、reach their goal
定位原文： E段第2句 “Research with learning and practice.”Simonton(1998)關於有創意的科學家的研究讓他有了這樣一個結論：在一定的水平之上，性格特徵諸如獨立，比起智力在尋求最高水平的專業知識方面發揮的作用更大，因爲學習和練習需要大量的精力和時間。
解題思路： 題目當中的self-reliance與文章中的independence是對應的關係，而題目中的 reach their goal 與文中的 reach the highest levels of expertise 也是對應關係 。
Question 20
參考譯文： 天才學生知道怎麼引導他們的情緒從而輔助學習。
難度及答案： 難度低;答案爲E
關鍵詞： feeling、 assist、 learning
定位原文： F段最後兩句 “In Boekaerts’ (1991)... their own learning resources.” 在 Boekaerts (1991)關於在智商很高和學習成果很好的孩子的情緒回顧上，她發現情緒力量是很重要的。他們不僅僅是好奇的，而且經常有強烈的慾望去控制自己的環境， 改善學習效率以及增加他們的學習資源。
解題思路： 題目當中的channel their feeling指的就是原文當中的emotional forces in harness。原文當中最後一句的論述表達的就是控制情緒對學習的輔助作用。
Question 21
參考譯文： 特別天才的學生獲益於近親的適當支持。
難度及答案： 難度高;答案爲A
關鍵詞： benefit、support、close relatives
定位原文： A 段第 3、4 句和 B 段第 1 句 “For example…not emerge without appropriate help，比如，我們會發現孩子的智商水平和他們所接受的家庭教育有很密切的關聯(Freeman, 2010)。孩子的智商水平越高，尤其是高於130的時候，他們所得到的預備教育的質量就越高，其質量是以孩子與父母的語言交流，還有他們家中書的數量和活動衡量的……適當的幫助才能讓人變得優秀。
解題思路： 此題需聯繫屬於不同段落的兩個句子，並且要進一步思考，才能得出題目中的結論，屬於比較難的題。
Question 22
參考譯文： 真正成功的學生對於他們的學科有一定的認知了解。
難度及答案：難度低;答案爲C
關鍵詞： successful student、a considerable amount、subject
定位原文： E 段第 1 句 “But scientific progress…do not (Elshout，1995).”， 但是科學過程並不總是理論式的，知識對一個人優異的表現也是關鍵的：那些對某一領域認知很深入的人會比對此沒有認識的人水平更高(Elshout, 1995)。
解題思路： 題目中的a considerable amount相當於原文中的a great deal about， 題目當中的subject與原文中的a specific domain意思相同。
Question 23
參考譯文： 一項研究表明兒童的智商與家中___和____的可獲得性有深度的關聯。
難度及答案： 難度低;答案爲 books (and) activities
關鍵詞： connection、at home
定位原文： A 段第 3、4 句 “For example…activities in their home etc.” 比如，我們會發現孩子的智商水平和他們所接受的家庭教育有很密切的關聯(Freeman，2010)。孩子的智商水平越高，尤其是高於130的時候，他們所得到的預備教育的質量就越高，其質量是以孩子與父母的語言交流，還有他們家中書的數量和活動衡量的。
解題思路： 此題要填兩個表未並列關係的詞，考生可以定位at home到A段第3句，發現 a very close positive relationship 與 strong connection 意思一致，此句中可以表示異列關係的只有books和activities。
Question 24
參考譯文： 能力平庸的孩子看起來需要更多的教師指導，因爲他們沒有____.
難度及答案： 難度中等;答案爲 internal regulation/self-regulation
關鍵詞： average ability、do not have
定位原文： B 段第 3句“There appears to be a …internal regulation.”看上去智商高、能力強的孩子和那些智力平庸或年紀稍大的小學生之間有着質的區別，因爲後者會需要老師給出外在的規範以彌補他們自我約束的缺乏。
解題思路： 題目當中的children of average ability可以定位到原文中B段第3句，而且 lack of與題目當中的do not have是同義替換。因此填寫international regulation.
Question 25
參考譯文：元認知涉及兒童對他們學習策略的理解以及開發____.
難度及答案： 難度中等;答案爲 emotional awareness
關鍵詞： metacognition、learning strategies
定位原文： B段倒數第一句“Emotional awareness is... or confidence for example." 情感認知也是元認知的一部分，所以，舉個例子來說，孩子必須有人幫助他們認識對即將學習的領域的感受，比如覺得好奇或者自信的感受。
解題思路： 考生可以用metacognition來定位到B段的最後一句話，可以知道元認知包括ways of learning會以及 emotional awareness。
Question 26
參考譯文： 依靠___教學的老師常常在班級測驗中得到喜人的成績。
難度及答案： 難度低，答案爲spoon-feeding
關鍵詞：rely on、 impressive grades
定位原文： D 段第 3 句 “Although 'spoon-feeding’ can produce... impressive life successes.” 因爲“填鴨式”的教學會產生很好的考試結果，但這並不意昧着人生同等的成功。
解題思路: 題目當中的 impressive grades in class tests 相當於文章中的 high examination results，而後者是由spoon feeding 產生(produce ) 的。
Passage 3
Question 27
參考譯文： ……也許是因爲小說的提供長期依靠____
難度及答案： 難度難，答案爲B
關鍵詞: availability、 depend on
定位原文： 第2段第2句“This might be explained ... As unique objects.”或許這可以解釋爲：小說的演化恰好是因爲技術的進步，從而可以印製出大量的文本，但是油畫一直是作爲獨一無二的物件被製作的。
解題思路：題目當中的because of 相當於原文中的be explained by; 原文當中說到technological development made it possible to print out huge numbers of texts，後面一部分指的就是mass production，即大規模的製造。
Question 28
參考譯文： ……也因爲___是最重要的事。
難度及答案： 難度中等;答案爲H
關鍵詞： also because of、 the most important
定位原文： 第2段第3、4句“In addition, it could…they may signify.”另外，有人會辯駁道，解讀或“閱讀”不同的媒介應該遵循不同的慣例。對於小說，人們主要關注詞句的意思而不是它們被印刷在紙上的方式，然而藝術作品的“讀者”必須密切關注圖畫中所有標記、形狀的材質形式和這些形式所象徵表達的內容。
解題思路 原文當中的in addition相當於題目中的also,對於小說而言( With novels), 人們主要關注於詞的意思(attend mainly to the meaning of words),這就是最重要的事。因此H選項當中的underlying ideas (根本的觀點)最爲恰當。
Question 29
參考譯文： ……因爲達?芬奇樂意指導___去製作它的作品的仿製品
難度及答案： 難度低; 答案爲L
關鍵詞： happy, instruct, copy
定位原文： 第3段第2句“The seven surviving regular ‘bread and butter’ work.”現存的七件蒙娜麗莎的作品佐證了一個事實,即在16 世紀，藝術家們很樂意把仿製他們作品的工作,分配給他們工作室的學徒們，作爲他們常規的謀生的手段。
解題思路： 由對應原文我們發現，artists對於複製品的態度是 perfectly content to the workshop apprentice與 happy to instruct 對應，因此空格處應選與apprentice對應的詞彙，因此答案爲 assistants.
Question 30
參考譯文： …對錶面浮層特點以及顏色和___的良好再現。
難度及答案： 難度低;答案爲G
關鍵詞：relief feature, colour、size
定位原文： 第3段第3句“And today the task... of the painting.”如今複製畫作的工作變得無比簡單可靠，因爲複印技術能夠讓我們獲得高質量的，與原作尺寸一致、色值相間的印刷品，甚至還可以複製作品表面的浮雕效果。
解題思路： 考生可以利用relief feature、colour等詞定位到第3段最後一句，其中original scale (規模)與其他兩項是並列的關係，詞庫當中只有size的意思與scale接近， 所以正確答案爲G。
Question 31
參考譯文： ……因爲這也許對___不利。
難度及答案：難度低;答案爲D
關鍵詞：promote、may not
定位原文：第 4、5 段 “But despite an... experience offered to visitors?” 然而，儘管人們默認傳播優秀的複製品有寶貴的文化價值，但是藝術博物館依然宣傳真跡的特殊地位。不幸的是，這嚴重限制了博物館參觀者的體驗：
解題思路： 考生可以利用promote等詞定位到第4段，緊接着又說道給visitor的體驗帶來 severe limitation,這就是對參觀者不利。詞庫當中只有public與visitor的意思接近，所以正確答案爲D。
Question 32
參考譯文：本文作者提到英國倫敦國家美術館是爲了解釋___
難度及答案： 難度低;答案爲C
關鍵詞： National Gallery
定位原文： 第 6 段第 5、6 句 “In addition, a major…such an environment.” 另外，就像英國倫敦國家美術館的一個主要的收藏系列，會被存放在無數個房間裏，每個房間存放幾十件作品，其中任何一件作品的價值可能都要超過普通遊客的所有財富。在一個個人地位很大程度上取決於其物質財富的社會，很難讓人不因在這個環境中相比而產生的卑微而感到印象深刻。
解題思路： 利用National Gallery定位到第6段第5句，此句提到了一種現象就是任何一件作品的價值可能都要超過普通遊客的所有財富，第6句汫到人們容易感到自卑。這裏的 one’s own relative worthlessness 與 C 選項當中的 negative effect... on visitor’s opinions of themselves 相吻合。其他三項均未提及。
Question 33
參考譯文： 作者說，如今人們不願意批判意見作品.是因爲___
難度及答案： 難度高，答案爲D
關鍵詞： today、unwilling to criticize、because
定位原文： 第 7 段第 2 句 “Evidently, nothing the... have met the work.” 顯然，無論觀衆怎麼看待美術作品，也改變不了其價值，因此，現在的參觀者躊路而不敢去做出自發的、即時的以及完全是根據自己所想的那種一看到作品就會產生的解讀。
解題思路： 利用題目當中的today’s viewer以及unwilling等詞等位到第7段第2句，be deterred from意思即爲“躊躇、不願意做某事”，本句後半段的開頭有and so，就表示前半段是原因。前半句的意思爲“無論觀衆怎麼看待美術作品，也改變不了其價值”，與D選項當中的他們的反應毫無重要性可言是對應的關係。
Question 34
參考譯文： 根據作者的觀點，參觀者身上的“錯位”效果是由___引起的。
難度及答案： 難度中等;答案爲A
關鍵詞： displacement effect、be caused by
定位原文： 第 8 段第 2、3 句 “This ‘displacement effect’ … weeks or even months.” 這種“錯位”的效果會被展品的大量數量進一步加強。以一個主要的收藏系列爲例，一次展示的作品可能會比我們數星期或者數月所能夠看完的還要多。
解題思路： 考生可利用displacement effect定位到第8段第2句，此句說到be further heightened by (由……加強)，那麼前面的一句話就可能是displacement effect產生的原因了。而第一句講的是“各種不同的油畫、素描以及雕塑被聚集起來放在原本適合它們的之外的環境當中”，與選項A當中“多種多樣的作品被展示以及它們成列的方式”是對應的關係。因此正確答案是A。
Question 35
參考譯文: 作者說，跟其他藝術形式不一樣，一幅畫不____。
難度及答案: 難度低;答案爲D
關鍵詞: unlike、other art forms 、 does not
定位原文： 第 9 段第 2、3、4 句 “A fundamental difference…at which to finish ” 在欣常畫作和其他藝術品之間一個最根本的區別就是欣賞畫作並沒有被賦予具體的欣賞時間。相反的，觀衆可以有一段具體的時間欣賞話劇或者戲劇，這段時間就是表演的持續時間。類似的是，小說和詩歌也可以在一段有順序的時間內被讀完 然而一幅畫卻沒有一個明確開始欣賞和結束的點。
解題思路： 考生可利用other art forms定位到第九段第2句，可以看到主要的區別是 no prescribed time,下文又接着講了沒有確定的開始和結束的時間。所以正確答案爲D選項。
Question 36
參考譯文： 藝術史應該專注於使用不同媒介發掘藝術的意義。
難度及答案： 難度中;答案爲NOT GIVEN
關鍵詞： art history、discover the meaning、media
定位原文： 無
解題思路： 第9段中提到discover the meaning的內容，但是沒有提到使用不同的媒介， 因此本題答案爲NOT GIVEN。
Question 37
參考譯文：藝術史史學家們所使用的研究方法與藝術博物館的方法相沖突。
答案及難度：難度中;答案爲NO
關鍵詞： the approach of historians
定位原文： 第10段第2句“This is in ing of the exhibits.”這種方法與博物館的功能很好地結合了，因爲它是被用於尋找和保護對展品的“可信的”與“原創性”解讀。
解題思路： 從對應原文中找到歷史學家所使用的方法與藝術博物館的功能有着的和諧 (perfect harmony)。因此此題答案爲 NO。
Question 38
參考譯文：應該鼓勵人們去公開地表達對藝術作品的觀點。
難度及答案： 難度中;答案爲YES
關鍵詞： encourage、 give their opinion openly
定位原文： 第 11 段第 2 句 “The museum public... to express their views.” 那些去藝術博 物館參觀的人，像其他任何觀衆一樣，當他們被給予自信去表達他們的觀點時，那麼他們會覺得鑑賞藝術是更有價值的。
解題思路： 題目當中的 give their opinions openly與原文當中的express their views是同義轉換;原文當中說 more rewardingly 所以與題目當中的should be encouraged是一致的。
Question 39
參考譯文：藝術品的高仿製品即便質量不錯，也只能賣給大衆
難度及答案：難度中;答案爲 NOT GIVEN.
關鍵詞： of high quality ;
定位原文： 第 11 段倒數第 2 句 “If appropriate works of... In awe of them.”如果合適的藝術作品可以永久地通過高仿真的複製品裏現給大衆，就像學術文獻和音樂一樣，人們也許對這些藝術作品會產生更少的敏畏。
解題思路：文章中沒有提到是不是only sold to the public，並沒有表明限制條件。
Question 40
參考譯文：在將來，有權勢的人有可能鼓勵更多的人欣賞藝術。
難度及答案： 難度高，答案爲NO
關鍵詞： with power、 encourage
定位原文： 第 11 段第 4 句 “Unfortunately，that may be too art establishment。”不幸的是，這也許對那些尋求保持和控制藝術機構的人是太高的要求。
解題思路： 題目當中的the power就是原文當中的尋求保持和控制藝術現有體制的人，對於他們，人們欣賞更多的藝術是too much to ask, 因此他們不可能鼓勵更多的人欣賞藝術。
