劍橋雅思閱讀10真題精講(test4)
劍橋雅思閱讀部分的題目可以進行一些分類總結，因爲考試的常見內容一般都會在下次考試中出現的。下面就是今天本站小編給大家帶來的劍橋雅思閱讀10(test4)的原文翻譯和答案內容，希望能夠幫助同學們備考雅思考試。
劍橋雅思閱讀10原文(test4)
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
The megafires of California
Drought, housing expansion, and oversupply of tinder make for bigger, hotter fires in the western United States
Wildfires are becoming an increasing menace in the western United States, with Southern California being the hardest hit area. There’s a reason fire squads battling more frequent blazes in Southern California are having such difficulty containing the flames, despite better preparedness than ever and decades of experience fighting fires fanned by the ‘Santa Ana Winds’. The wildfires themselves, experts say, are generally hotter, faster, and spread more erratically than in the past.
Megafires, also called ‘siege fires’, are the increasingly frequent blazes that burn 500, 000 acres or more — 10 times the size of the average forest fire of 20 years ago. Some recent wildfires are among the biggest ever in California in terms of acreage burned, according to state figures and news reports.
One explanation for the trend to more superhot fires is that the region, which usually has dry summers, has had significantly below normal precipitation in many recent years. Another reason, experts say, is related to the century-long policy of the US Forest Service to stop wildfires as quickly as possible. The unintentional consequence has been to halt the natural eradication of underbrush, now the primary fuel for megafires.
Three other factors contribute to the trend, they add. First is climate change, marked by a 1-degree Fahrenheit rise in average yearly temperature across the western states. Second is fire seasons that on average are 78 days longer than they were 20 years ago. Third is increased construction of homes in wooded areas.
‘We are increasingly building our homes in fire-prone ecosystems,’ says Dominik Kulakowski, adjunct professor of biology at Clark University Graduate School of Geography in Worcester, Massachusetts. ‘Doing that in many of the forests of the western US is like building homes on the side of an active volcano.’
In California, where population growth has averaged more than 600, 000 a year for at least a decade, more residential housing is being built. ‘What once was open space is now residential homes providing fuel to make fires burn with greater intensity,’ says Terry McHale of the California Department of Forestry firefighters’ union. ‘With so much dryness, so many communities to catch fire, so many fronts to fight, it becomes an almost incredible job.’
That said, many experts give California high marks for making progress on preparedness in recent years, after some of the largest fires in state history scorched thousands of acres, burned thousands of homes, and killed numerous people. Stung in the past by criticism of bungling that allowed fires to spread when they might have been contained, personnel are meeting the peculiar challenges of neighborhood — and canyon- hopping fires better than previously, observers say.
State promises to provide more up-to-date engines, planes, and helicopters to fight fires have been fulfilled. Firefighters’ unions that in the past complained of dilapidated equipment, old fire engines, and insufficient blueprints for fire safety are now praising the state’s commitment, noting that funding for firefighting has increased, despite huge cuts in many other programs. ‘We are pleased that the current state administration has been very proactive in its support of us, and [has] come through with budgetary support of the infrastructure needs we have long sought,’ says Mr. McHale of the firefighters’ union.
Besides providing money to upgrade the fire engines that must traverse the mammoth state and wind along serpentine canyon roads, the state has invested in better command-and-control facilities as well as in the strategies to run them. ‘In the fire sieges of earlier years, we found that other jurisdictions and states were willing to offer mutual-aid help, but we were not able to communicate adequately with them,’ says Kim Zagaris, chief of the state’s Office of Emergency Services Fire and Rescue Branch. After a commission examined and revamped communications procedures, the statewide response ‘has become far more professional and responsive,’ he says. There is a sense among both government officials and residents that the speed, dedication, and coordination of firefighters from several states and jurisdictions are resulting in greater efficiency than in past ‘siege fire’ situations.
In recent years, the Southern California region has improved building codes, evacuation procedures, and procurement of new technology. ‘I am extraordinarily impressed by the improvements we have witnessed,’ says Randy Jacobs, a Southern California-based lawyer who has had to evacuate both his home and business to escape wildfires. ‘Notwithstanding all the damage that will continue to be caused by wildfires, we will no longer suffer the loss of life endured in the past because of the fire prevention and firefighting measures that have been put in place,’ he says.
Test 4
Questions 1-6
Complete the notes below.
Choose ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
Wildfires
Characteristics of wildfires and wildfire conditions today compared to the past:
— occurrence: more frequent
— temperature: hotter
— speed: faster
— movement: 1 more unpredictably
— size of fires: 2 greater on average than two decades ago
Reasons wildfires cause more damage today compared to the past:
— rainfall: 3 average
— more brush to act as 4
— increase in yearly temperature
— extended fire 5
— more building of 6 in vulnerable places
Questions 7-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 7—13 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
7 The amount of open space in California has diminished over the last ten years.
8 Many experts believe California has made little progress in readying itself to fight fires.
9 Personnel in the past have been criticised for mishandling fire containment.
10 California has replaced a range of firefighting tools.
11 More firefighters have been hired to improve fire-fighting capacity.
12 Citizens and government groups disapprove of the efforts of different states and agencies working together.
13 Randy Jacobs believes that loss of life from fires will continue at the same levels, despite changes made.
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading
Passage 2 below.
Second nature
Your personality isn’t necessarily set in stone. With a little experimentation, people can reshape their temperaments and inject passion, optimism, joy and courage into their lives
A Psychologists have long held that a person’s character cannot undergo a transformation in any meaningful way and that the key traits of personality are determined at a very young age. However, researchers have begun looking more closely at ways we can change. Positive psychologists have identified 24 qualities we admire, such as loyalty and kindness, and are studying them to find out why they come so naturally to some people. What they’re discovering is that many of these qualities amount to habitual behaviour that determines the way we respond to the world. The good news is that all this can be learned. Some qualities are less challenging to develop than others, optimism being one of them. However, developing qualities requires mastering a range of skills which are diverse and sometimes surprising. For example, to bring more joy and passion into your life, you must be open to experiencing negative emotions. Cultivating such qualities will help you realise your full potential.
B ‘The evidence is good that most personality traits can be altered,’ says Christopher Peterson, professor of psychology at the University of Michigan, who cites himself as an example. Inherently introverted, he realised early on that as an academic, his reticence would prove disastrous in the lecture hall. So he learned to be more outgoing and to entertain his classes. ‘Now my extroverted behaviour is spontaneous,’ he says.
C David Fajgenbaum had to make a similar transition. He was preparing for university, when he had an accident that put an end to his sports career. On campus, he quickly found that beyond ordinary counselling, the university had no services for students who were undergoing physical rehabilitation and suffering from depression like him. He therefore launched a support group to help others in similar situations. He took action despite his own pain — a typical response of an optimist.
D Suzanne Segerstrom, professor of psychology at the University of Kentucky, believes that the key to increasing optimism is through cultivating optimistic behaviour, rather than positive thinking. She recommends you train yourself to pay attention to good fortune by writing down three positive things that come about each day. This will help you convince yourself that favourable outcomes actually happen all the time, making it easier to begin taking action.
E You can recognise a person who is passionate about a pursuit by the way they are so strongly involved in it. Tanya Streeter’s passion is freediving — the sport of plunging deep into the water without tanks or other breathing equipment. Beginning in 1998, she set nine world records and can hold her breath for six minutes. The physical stamina required for this sport is intense but the psychological demands are even more overwhelming. Streeter learned to untangle her fears from her judgment of what her body and mind could do. ‘In my career as a competitive freediver, there was a limit to what I could do — but it wasn’t anywhere near what I thought it was,’ she says.
F Finding a pursuit that excites you can improve anyone’s life. The secret about consuming passions, though, according to psychologist Paul Silvia of the University of North Carolina, is that ‘they require discipline, hard work and ability, which is why they are so rewarding.’ Psychologist Todd Kashdan has this advice for those people taking up a new passion: ‘As a newcomer, you also have to tolerate and laugh at your own ignorance. You must be willing to accept the negative feelings that come your way,’ he says.
G In 2004, physician-scientist Mauro Zappaterra began his PhD research at Harvard Medical School. Unfortunately, he was miserable as his research wasn’t compatible with his curiosity about healing. He finally took a break and during eight months in Santa Fe, Zappaterra learned about alternative healing techniques not taught at Harvard. When he got back, he switched labs to study how cerebrospinal fluid nourishes the developing nervous system. He also vowed to look for the joy in everything, including failure, as this could help him learn about his research and himself.
One thing that can hold joy back is a person’s concentration on avoiding failure rather than their looking forward to doing something well. ‘Focusing on being safe might get in the way of your reaching your goals,’ explains Kashdan. For example, are you hoping to get through a business lunch without embarrassing yourself, or are you thinking about how fascinating the conversation might be?
H Usually, we think of courage in physical terms but ordinary life demands something else. For marketing executive Kenneth Pedeleose, it meant speaking out against something he thought was ethically wrong. The new manager was intimidating staff so Pedeleose carefully recorded each instance of bullying and eventually took the evidence to a senior director, knowing his own job security would be threatened. Eventually the manager was the one to go. According to Cynthia Pury, a psychologist at Clemson University, Pedeleose’s story proves the point that courage is not motivated by fearlessness, but by moral obligation. Pury also believes that people can acquire courage. Many of her students said that faced with a risky situation, they first tried to calm themselves down, then looked for a way to mitigate the danger, just as Pedeleose did by documenting his allegations.
Over the long term, picking up a new character trait may help you move toward being the person you want to be. And in the short term, the effort itself could be surprisingly rewarding, a kind of internal adventure.
Questions 14-18
Complete the summary below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet
Psychologists have traditionally believed that a personality 14 was impossible and that by a 15 , a person’s character tends to be fixed. This is not true according to positive psychologists, who say that our personal qualities can be seen as habitual behaviour. One of the easiest qualities to acquire is 16 . However, regardless of the quality, it is necessary to learn a wide variety of different 17 in order for a new quality to develop; for example, a person must understand and feel some 18 in order to increase their happiness.
Questions 19-22
Look at the following statements (Questions 19-22) and the list of people below.
Match each statement with the correct person, A-G.
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet
19 People must accept that they do not know much when first trying something new.
20 It is important for people to actively notice when good things happen.
21 Courage can be learned once its origins in a sense of responsibility are understood.
22 It is possible to overcome shyness when faced with the need to speak in public.
List of People
A Christopher Peterson
B David Fajgenbaum
C Suzanne Segerstrom
D Tanya Streeter
E Todd Kashdan
F Kenneth Pedeleose
G Cynthia Pury
Questions 23-26
Reading Passage 2 has eight sections, A-H.
Which section contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet
23 a mention of how rational thinking enabled someone to achieve physical goals
24 an account of how someone overcame a sad experience
25 a description of how someone decided to rethink their academic career path
26 an example of how someone risked his career out of a sense of duty
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.
When evolution runs backwards
Evolution isn’t supposed to run backwards — yet an increasing number of examples show that it does and that it can sometimes represent the future of a species
The description of any animal as an ‘evolutionary throwback’ is controversial. For the better part of a century, most biologists have been reluctant to use those words, mindful of a principle of evolution that says ‘evolution cannot run backwards’. But as more and more examples come to light and modern genetics enters the scene, that principle is having to be rewritten. Not only are evolutionary throwbacks possible, they sometimes play an important role in the forward march of evolution.
The technical term for an evolutionary throwback is an ‘atavism’, from the Latin atavus, meaning forefather. The word has ugly connotations thanks largely to Cesare Lombroso, a 19th-century Italian medic who argued that criminals were born not made and could be identified by certain physical features that were throwbacks to a primitive, sub-human state.
While Lombroso was measuring criminals, a Belgian palaeontologist called Louis Dollo was studying fossil records and coming to the opposite conclusion. In 1890 he proposed that evolution was irreversible: that ‘an organism is unable to return, even partially, to a previous stage already realised in the ranks of its ancestors’. Early 20th-century biologists came to a similar conclusion, though they qualified it in terms of probability, stating that there is no reason why evolution cannot run backwards — it is just very unlikely. And so the idea of irreversibility in evolution stuck and came to be known as ‘Dollo’s law’.
If Dollo’s law is right, atavisms should occur only very rarely, if at all. Yet almost since the idea took root, exceptions have been cropping up. In 1919, for example, a humpback whale with a pair of leg-like appendages over a metre long, complete with a full set of limb bones, was caught off Vancouver Island in Canada. Explorer Roy Chapman Andrews argued at the time that the whale must be a throwback to a land-living ancestor. ‘I can see no other explanation,’ he wrote in 1921.
Since then, so many other examples have been discovered that it no longer makes sense to say that evolution is as good as irreversible. And this poses a puzzle: how can characteristics that disappeared millions of years ago suddenly reappear? In 1994, Rudolf Raff and colleagues at Indiana University in the USA decided to use genetics to put a number on the probability of evolution going into reverse. They reasoned that while some evolutionary changes involve the loss of genes and are therefore irreversible, others may be the result of genes being switched off. If these silent genes are somehow switched back on, they argued, long-lost traits could reappear.
Raff’s team went on to calculate the likelihood of it happening. Silent genes accumulate random mutations, they reasoned, eventually rendering them useless. So how long can a gene survive in a species if it is no longer used? The team calculated that there is a good chance of silent genes surviving for up to 6 million years in at least a few individuals in a population, and that some might survive as long as 10 million years. In other words, throwbacks are possible, but only to the relatively recent evolutionary past.
As a possible example, the team pointed to the mole salamanders of Mexico and California. Like most amphibians these begin life in a juvenile ‘tadpole’ state, then metamorphose into the adult form — except for one species, the axolotl, which famously lives its entire life as a juvenile. The simplest explanation for this is that the axolotl lineage alone lost the ability to metamorphose, while others retained it. From a detailed analysis of the salamanders’ family tree, however, it is clear that the other lineages evolved from an ancestor that itself had lost the ability to metamorphose. In other words, metamorphosis in mole salamanders is an atavism. The salamander example fits with Raff’s 10-million-year time frame.
More recently, however, examples have been reported that break the time limit, suggesting that silent genes may not be the whole story. In a paper published last year, biologist Gunter Wagner of Yale University reported some work on the evolutionary history of a group of South American lizards called Bachia. Many of these have minuscule limbs; some look more like snakes than lizards and a few have completely lost the toes on their hind limbs. Other species, however, sport up to four toes on their hind legs. The simplest explanation is that the toed lineages never lost their toes, but Wagner begs to differ. According to his analysis of the Bachia family tree, the toed species re-evolved toes from toeless ancestors and, what is more, digit loss and gain has occurred on more than one occasion over tens of millions of years.
So what’s going on? One possibility is that these traits are lost and then simply reappear, in much the same way that similar structures can independently arise in unrelated species, such as the dorsal fins of sharks and killer whales. Another more intriguing possibility is that the genetic information needed to make toes somehow survived for tens or perhaps hundreds of millions of years in the lizards and was reactivated. These atavistic traits provided an advantage and spread through the population, effectively reversing evolution.
But if silent genes degrade within 6 to 10 million years, how can long-lost traits be reactivated over longer timescales? The answer may lie in the womb. Early embryos of many species develop ancestral features. Snake embryos, for example, sprout hind limb buds. Later in development these features disappear thanks to developmental programs that say ‘lose the leg’. If for any reason this does not happen, the ancestral feature may not disappear, leading to an atavism.
Questions 27-31
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.
27 When discussing the theory developed by Louis Dollo, the writer says that
A it was immediately referred to as Dollo’s law.
B it supported the possibility of evolutionary throwbacks.
C it was modified by biologists in the early twentieth century.
D it was based on many years of research.
28 The humpback whale caught off Vancouver Island is mentioned because of
A the exceptional size of its body.
B the way it exemplifies Dollo’s law.
C the amount of local controversy it caused.
D the reason given for its unusual features.
29 What is said about ‘silent genes’?
A Their numbers vary according to species.
B Raff disagreed with the use of the term.
C They could lead to the re-emergence of certain characteristics.
D They can have an unlimited life span.
30 The writer mentions the mole salamander because
A it exemplifies what happens in the development of most amphibians.
B it suggests that Raff’s theory is correct.
C it has lost and regained more than one ability.
D its ancestors have become the subject of extensive research.
31 Which of the following does Wagner claim?
A Members of the Bachia lizard family have lost and regained certain features several times.
B Evidence shows that the evolution of the Bachia lizard is due to the environment.
C His research into South American lizards supports Raff’s assertions.
D His findings will apply to other species of South American lizards.
Questions 32-36
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, below.
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet.
32 For a long time biologists rejected
33 Opposing views on evolutionary throwbacks are represented by
34 Examples of evolutionary throwbacks have led to
35 The shark and killer whale are mentioned to exemplify
36 One explanation for the findings of Wagner’s research is
A the question of how certain long-lost traits could reappear.
B the occurrence of a particular feature in different species.
C parallels drawn between behaviour and appearance.
D the continued existence of certain genetic information.
E the doubts felt about evolutionary throwbacks.
F the possibility of evolution being reversible.
G Dollo’s findings and the convictions held by Lombroso.
Questions 37-40
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
37 Wagner was the first person to do research on South American lizards.
38 Wagner believes that Bachia lizards with toes had toeless ancestors.
39 The temporary occurrence of long-lost traits in embryos is rare.
40 Evolutionary throwbacks might be caused by developmental problems in the womb.
劍橋雅思閱讀10原文參考譯文(test4)
Passage 1參考譯文：
加利福尼亞州的特大火災
乾旱，房屋的大量擴建，易燃物的過度供給導致美國西部發生更大更熱的火災。
森林大火正在成爲美國西部不斷增大的威脅，而加利福尼亞州南部是受影響最嚴重的地區。加利福尼亞州南部大火愈加頻發，儘管與其對抗的救火隊有着相比以前更爲充分的準備和多年消除由“聖安娜之風”煽動起的火災的經驗，他們還是在控制大火上遇到了困難。這是有原因的。專家表示，總的來說，現在的森林大火比過去溫度更高，蔓延得更快，擴散蹤跡更爲飄忽不定。
特大火災，也稱爲“圍攻火”，是指近來頻發的能夠燒燬萬英畝及以上土地的大火，這種大火燒燬的土地面積相當於20年前一般森林大火破壞面積的10倍。據州政府統計和新聞報道顯示，最近幾場森林大火已被列入加利福尼亞州有史以來在燒燬面積上的最重大型火災。
關於頻發超級火災這一趨勢，其中一個解釋便是該地區通常夏天干燥，且近幾年降水量遠遠低於正常水平。專家表示，另外一個原因是與美國林務局一項長達一個世紀的政策有關。該政策規定發生森林大火時應儘快阻止大火。由此產生了無意識的後果，即是：中斷了灌木叢自然的根除過程，現在致使灌木叢成爲特大火災的主要燃料。
他們補充道，還有其他三個因素導致該趨勢。首先是氣候的變化，整個西部地區平均每年溫度上升1 華氏攝氏度。第二點是火險季節相比20年前平均延長了78天。第三，是在多樹地區房屋的不斷擴建。
“我們在易燃的生態系統中不斷地建造我們的房屋，”馬薩諸塞州伍斯特市克拉克大學地理研究生院的副教授多米尼克?庫拉考斯基表示，“在美國西部大多數森林中這樣做，如同在一個活火山的邊上建房。”
至少十多年來，加利福尼亞州平均每年增加60多萬人口，越來越多的住宅正在建造當中。“曾一度空曠的地帶現在是高密度的住宅屋羣，這爲火災的發生提供了燃料。”加利福尼亞州林業消防員聯盟部的特里?麥克黑爾指出，“這麼嚴重的乾旱，這麼多可能發生大火的社區，這麼多需要去努力的方面，消防已成爲一項不可思議的工作。”
據稱，有史以來最大的幾場火災烤焦了成千上萬英畝的土地，燒燬了數以萬計的房屋，燒死大量的居民之後，許多專家給予了加利福尼亞州相當高的評價，因其近幾年來在消防準備工作中取得的進步。觀察家們表示，這些火災本該受到控制卻依舊蔓延開來，相關部門過去被嚴厲指責爲工作不力。如今，他們正面臨着來自周邊地區和峽谷的前所未有的巨大挑戰。
州政府已經實現了關於提供更多先進的消防車、飛機和直升機以對抗火災的承諾。消防員聯盟在過去曾抱怨破舊的設備、陳舊的消防車和數量不足的消防安全藍圖。現如今稱讚州政府的允諾行爲。 儘管消防資金並未增加，政府卻大量削減其他項目的資金以支援消防建設。“我們很高興現任加利福尼亞州的行政部門非常積極主動地支持我們，同時已經通過了我們渴望已久的關於滿足基礎設施需求的預算支持方案。”消防員聯盟的麥克黑爾先生表示。
除了提供資金以升級需橫穿遼闊大州和沿着坑堤的峽谷道路而上的消防車外，州政府還已經投資建設更好的指揮與控制設施和相關策略來運作它們。“早些年在消防上，我們發現其他的地區和州政府願意提供相互援助，但我們沒能和它們做好充分溝通。”該州的火突應急服務和援救部首席官Kim Zagaris說道，“在委員會審查和修改溝通流程後，全州的反應變得更爲專業和迅速。”在政府官員和居民中有這樣一種共識，即相比以前遇到的特大火災的時候，來自不同州和地區的消防員的高速運作、奉獻和合作正帶來更高的效率。
在近幾年，加利福尼亞州南部地區已經在建築規範、疏散程序和新技術的引入上有所改善提高。“我對我們已見證的進步有着深刻的印象，”加利福尼亞州南部的律師蘭迪雅克布說道，他曾不得不撤出他的家和生意以逃離森林大火。“儘管由森林大火引起的損失還將持續，但我們不會像過去那樣蒙受生命損失，因爲火災預防和消防措施已經到位。”他說道。
Test 4 Passage 2參考譯文：
第二種天性
人們的性格不是必然被設定在一種基調上。通過一個小小的實驗，一個人就可以重新塑造他的牌氣或者點燃激情、樂觀、快樂和勇氣到他們的日常生活中。
A. 心理學家長期以來持有一種觀點，即人們的性格在任何有意義的方式下都不會經受改變，並且人們的主 要性格特點在小時候就已經確定了。但是，研?a href="">咳嗽痹誚袈嗝芄牡匱罷銥梢願謀淶姆椒ā３只鵲男睦硌Ъ乙丫既隙ㄎ頤竊奚偷?4種人類性格特性，例如忠誠、友善。 與此同時，研究人員也在研究爲什麼對於一些人，這樣的品質產生得如此自然。他們在尋找的是爲什麼這些品質發展成習慣的行爲，並且這些行爲決定着我們對這個我們如何對世界作出反饋。好消息是，所有這一切都是可以學習的。
有一些品質沒有比其他品質更難開發，樂觀這個品質就是其中一個。但是，人們想要開發這些品質，要求掌握一系列的技巧，這些技巧五花八門，有時候還讓人很吃驚。例如，你如果想爲你的生活增加更多的快樂和激情，你必須敞開胸懷對待消極的情緒。培養這樣的性格還利於幫助你釋放你所有的潛能。
B. Christopher Peterson, 密西根大學的心理學教授，他認爲：這個證據是有效的，就是說大部分的性格都可以轉變”，他引用了自己的例子來證實這個觀點。他有天生的內向性格，他很早就意識到，作爲一名學者，在演講大廳沉默寡言是災難性的屬性。因此，他開始學習怎樣變得親和，怎樣活躍他的課堂。他說:“我現在外向的行爲是很自然的。”
C. 在發生了一場終止他運動生涯的意外時，David Fajgenbaum也做過相似的性格轉換。 那時他正準備上大學。在大學校園裏，他很快發現除了普通的詢問，學校裏並沒有爲像他那樣正在經受生理恢復和心理沮喪的學生提供服務。 他因此發起了一個提供服務小組去幫助其他的那些和他有着相似境況的人。他對於這樣的情況採取了行動，儘管他自己也在經受傷痛，這是一種積極者的反應。
nne Segerstrom是肯塔基大學的心理學教授，她相信提高樂觀情緒的關鍵是通過培養一個人樂觀的行爲而不是積極的想法。 她建議人們應該訓練自己去關注那些美好的事情並且記錄下每天發生的三件美好的事情。這樣做有助於自己說服自己讓人開心的事情每時每刻都在發生，也更加容易使你採取實際的行動(去做積極的事情)。
E. 你可以通過一個人深深投入到一項工作中意識到一個人是充滿激情的。Tanya Streeter的激情就是自由的潛水——這是一種沒有其他任何的氧氣筒或者其他的呼吸裝備的潛水運動。她於1998年(開始這項運動)，她創造了九項世界紀錄並且可以在水裏憋氣六分鐘。對於這項運動，生理上的要求相當嚴格，但是心理上的要求更加可以使人崩潰。Streeter通過判斷自己身體和心理可以承受的程度，學習瞭如何去解除她的恐懼。她說：“作爲一個充滿競爭意識的自由潛水者，在職業生涯中始終存在一個侷限我的事物，但是它不是像我想象的那樣無處不在地出現。”
F. 尋找一項可以使人們興奮的工作會提高任何人的生活質量。儘管南加州大學的心理學家Paul Silvia宣稱，人們消耗激情的祕密就在於“他們需要自律，刻苦工作和能力，這就是爲什麼激情如此有價值”。心理學家Todd Kashdan提供了這類的建議給人們去獲取這些新的激情。他說：“作爲一個新人，你通常需要去忍受並嘲笑自己的無知。你必須接受那些消極的情緒。”
G. 在2004年，醫學科學家Mauro Zappaterra開始在哈佛大學醫學院開展他的博士學位的研究。不幸的是，他相當痛苦，因爲他的研究與他所好奇的關於治療相關疾病的方法不相符合。最終他在Santa Fe 休息了一段時間，在這八個月的時間裏，Zappaterra學到一種沒有在哈佛學過的可替代的治療技術。當他回來的時候，他改變了他的實驗項目，轉而研究腦脊髄液是如何滋養神經系統的發展。他也發誓要在一切事物中，包括失敗中，尋找快樂。因爲失敗可以幫助他了解自己的研究和他自身。
有一種事物可以把我們的快樂追回，這就是人們專注於避免失敗，而不是希望可以把一件事情做得好。 Kashdan解釋道：“專注讓自己處在安全地帶可能會阻止你達到你的目標。”例如你是希望在不使自己尷尬的情況下參加一頓應酬?還是在想這段談話會有多麼吸引人?
H. 通常來說，我們認爲勇氣屬於生理上的專有名詞，但是普通的生活要求更多。對於市場主管Kenneth pedeleose而言，這意味着要揭露與他的道德價值觀背道而馳的行爲。一個新上任的經理恐嚇員工，Pedeleose明知自己的事業會遭到威脅，仍仔細地錄下他每次作惡的片段，並且最終將證據交給高級主管。最終，這個新來的經理就是那個被開除的人。根據一位來自克萊姆森大學的心理學家Cynthia Pury的觀 點，Pedeleose的故事證明了一個觀點，這個觀點就是勇氣不是被無畏所激發，而是通過道德責任所激發。Pury還認爲人們可以獲得勇氣。許多她的學生說到，當他們遇到具有冒險性的情況時，他們首先嚐試使自己冷靜，然後尋找辦法緩解遇到的危機，就像Pedeleose所做的通過記錄他的行爲一樣。
通過很長的一段時間，獲取一個新的性格特點可能會幫助你成爲一個你想要成爲的人。在短時間內，它的效果會有讓人意想不到的價值，這是一種內心世界的探險之旅。
Test 4 Passage 3參考譯文：
進化反向進行
進化不應該反向進行，但是越來越多的例子表示確實可以如此而且進化反向有時候展示着一個物種的未來。
把任何動物當作一種返祖現象的描述是帶有爭議性的。在一個世紀的大部分時間裏，大多數生物學家不願意用反向進化等這些詞，他們銘記着一個進化原則即“進化是不可以反向進行的。”但越來越多的相關例子爲人知曉，同時出現了現代遺傳學，這些都表明原則正不得不被改寫。反向進化不單單變得有可能，它們還有時候在進化的未來發展上扮演着重要的角色。
一個反向進化的術語爲“返祖現象”，該詞來自拉丁語atavus，意思是“祖先” 。該詞有一個不好的含義，這絕大部分得歸功於Cesare Lombroso， 他是一位19世紀的意大利軍醫，他主張犯人是天生的而不是後天養成的，而且犯人可以通過一些身體特徵被識別，而這些特徵是亞人類特徵的再現。
當Lombroso在觀測犯人時，一位比利時的古生物學家Louis Dollo正在研究化石記錄並得出了相反的結論。在1890年，他提出進化是不可以逆轉的：“一個有機體不能夠迴轉到之前它的祖先已經實現了的階段，哪怕只是一部分。”在20世紀早期，生物學家得出一個相似的結論，即儘管他們認同返祖現象的可能性，並表示沒有理由證明爲什麼進化不能被反向運行，但他們就是認爲發生的可能性極小。所以進化的不可逆性這一觀點的研究停住了，並被稱爲“多洛氏法則”。
如果多洛氏法則是正確的，返祖現象就算真的有，應該也很少發生。然而，幾乎自這種想法產生起，就已經出現特例了。比如，在1919年，一頭座頭鯨在加拿大溫哥華島被捕獲，它帶有一雙長達1 米、像腳的附肢，且有着一套完整的肢骨。探險家Roy Chapman Andrews在那時表明這頭鯨一定是某種陸地生活的祖先動物的反向進化結果。“我想不到任何其他的解釋。”他在1921年寫道。
自從那時起，很多其他的例子已被發現，所以進化是不可逆轉的這種觀點再也無法成立了。這同時產生了一個困惑：消失了幾千萬年的特徵是如何能重新出現的?在1994年，美國印第安納大學的Rudolf Raff和他的同事決定採用遺傳學研究使得進化逆轉增加一定的可能性。他們論證到一些進化過程中因包含了基因丟失的情況而無法逆轉，而另一些進化過程或是因爲基因的閉合。如果這些休眠基因以某種方式再次激活，他們表示，生物長時間丟失的特徵可以重現。
Raff的團隊繼續計算進化逆轉發生的可能性。休眠基因隨機突變次數增加，他們推理到，這最終會導致休眼基因失效。那麼，如果一個基因長期不被使用，它能在一個物種中存活多長時間呢?該團隊計算出休眠基因很可能存在於一個物種的某些個體中，可存活高達六百萬年，甚至有的可以存活一千萬年。換句話說，進化逆轉是可能的，但這僅相對於較近期的進化史而言。
作爲一個可能成爲例證的事件，團隊列舉了墨西哥和加利福尼亞的鼴鈍口螈。像大多數的兩棲類動物一樣，這種生物以幼小的蝌蚪狀開始他們的生命，然後變形成成年的狀態——除了其中一個種類，蠑螈，它們通常會以它的幼年形態一直生活下去。最簡單的解釋就是蠑螈血統一直喪失了變形的能力，但是其他種類還保持着這樣的能力。然而，從對鼴鈍口螈的血緣譜的詳細分析來說，這是一個明顯的事實，其他血統的鼴鈍口螈都是從一個本身已經失去變形能力的祖先那裏進化而來的。換句話說，變形在鼴鈍口螈之中就是一種返祖現象。鼴鈍口螈的例子與Raff的100萬年的學說框架相符合。
然而，已知的更近的報道說明這個時間界限被打破，它指出了休眠基因不完全是全部的解釋。在去年發表的一篇文幸中，耶魯大學的生物學家Gunter Wagner彙報了一些關於南美蜥蜴Bachia進化史研究的工作。 它們中的一些擁有非常小的肢節;有一些看起來更像蛇而非蜥蜴;有一些完全失去了後肢的趾頭。然而，其他的種類則彰顯出了後肢的四個趾頭。最簡單的解釋就是這些有趾的蜥蜴品種從沒有失去過趾頭，但Wagner並不認同。根據他對Bachia的族譜的區別，有趾的物種從它們無趾的祖先進化而成，更有甚者，腳趾的消失和產生在過去的數百萬年間發生過不止一次。
因此，到底發生了什麼?其中一個可能性就是這三種特性只是失去了，之後又簡單地重現。這就像相似的結構可以獨立地產生在沒有血緣關係的物種中，就像鯊魚和殺人鯨的背部的鰭一樣。另一種更加有吸引力的可能性是那些用來生長趾頭的基因信息在蜥蜴上存活了幾百或者是幾千萬年，並且這種基因信息被重新激活了。這些返祖性的特徵提供了一種優勢，這種優勢適用於所有物種，能有效地進行進化逆轉。
但是，如果休眠基因在60萬到100萬年內退化，這種長時間消失的特性是怎樣在這麼長的時間範圍內被重新激活的?這個答案也許在子宮裏面可以被找到。 許多物種早期的胚胎形成了祖先的特性。例如蛇的胚胎萌發出後肢的肢芽。這些特性在後期發展中由於某些進化模式而消失了，該程式可能導致“腿部消失”。如果因爲任何原因這些事情沒有發生，祖先的種.種特性也許就不會消失，從而導致返祖現象。
劍橋雅思閱讀10原文解析(test4)
Passage 1
Question 1
參考譯文： 風向的運動：____更加無法預測。
難度及答案：難度低;答案爲spread
關鍵詞：movement
定位原文： 第 1 段最後1句“The wildfire themselves... than in the past” 專家表示，總的來說， 現在的森林大火比過去溫度更高，蔓延的得更快，擴散蹤跡更爲飄忽不定。
解題思路： 原文中erratically與題目中unpredictably屬於同義替換，因此spread爲movement的特點。
Question 2
參考譯文：火勢的大小，比過去20年前平均大了_____。
難度及答案： 難度低;答案爲10/ten times
關鍵詞： size of fires
定位原文：第 2 段第 1 句“…10 times the size of average...20 years ago.” 這種大火燒燬的土地面積相當於20年前一般森林大火破壞面積的10倍。
解題思路：原文中 10 times the size of average 與題目中 greater on average than 屬於同義替換，因此應當填入10/ten times。
Question 3
參考譯文：降水：____平均值。
難度及答案：難度低;答案爲below.
關鍵詞： rainfall
定位原文： 第3段第1句“One explanation for the trend to…in many recent years.” 關於頻發超級火災這—趨勢，其屮-個解釋便是該地區通常夏天干燥，且近幾年降水遠遠低於正常水平。
解題思路：原文中 precipitation、normal 與題目中 rainfall 、average 分別屬於同義替換，因此應當填入below。
Question 4
參考譯文： 更多的灌木叢被用於_____
難度及答案：難度低;答案爲fuel
關鍵詞： brush
定位原文： 第 3 段最後1句話 “The unintentional consequence... primary fuel for megafires.”由此產生了無意識的後果，中斷了灌木叢自然的根除過程，現在致使灌木叢成爲特大火災的主要燃料。
解題思路：根據原文可知brush的特性，原文underbrush與題目中brush屬於同義替換. 因此空格應填入fuel。
Question 5
參考譯文： 擴大的火災____
難度及答案： 難度低;答案爲seasons
關鍵詞： extended fire
定位原文： 第 4 段第 3 句 “Second is fire seasons that... 20 years ago.” 第二點是火險季節相比20年前平均延長了78天。
解題思路： 根據原文可知有什麼東西在過去的20年裏變長了。因此答案爲seasons。
Question 6
參考譯文： 更多的______建在容易着火的區域。
難度及答案： 難度低;答案爲homes/housing
關鍵詞： more building
定位原文： 第 4 段最後一句 “Third is increased construction of homes...” 第三，是在多樹地區，房屋的不斷擴建。
解題思路： 根據原文可知homes變多了，因此可以填入homes/housing。
Question 7
參考譯文： 在加利福尼亞州的空曠土地的數量在過去的十年裏已經減少了很多。
難度及答案： 難度中等;答案爲TRUE
關鍵詞： open space 、diminished
定位原文： 第6段第1句“In California, where…built.”至少十多年來，加利福尼亞州平均每年增加60多萬人口，越來越多的住宅正在建造當中。
解題思路： 原文中有a decade對應題目問的last ten years，且原文提到有更多的住房被建造，與題目中space屬於同義替換，因此答案爲TRUE。
Question 8
參考譯文： 很多專家認爲加利福尼亞州的滅火準備工作沒有進展。
難度及答案： 難度中等;答案爲FALSE
關鍵詞： many experts 、 little progress
定位原文： 第 7 段第 1 句 “That said many... killed numerous people.” 據稱，有史以來最大的幾場火災烤焦了成千上萬英畝的土地， 燒燬了數以萬計的房屋， 燒死大量的居民之後，許多專家給予了加利福尼亞州相當高的評價，因其近幾年來在消防準備工作中取得的進步。
解題思路： 根據關鍵詞定位至第7段，找到experts的態度，experts的態度爲high marks on making progress on preparedness，因此與題目不符合，爲 FALSE。
Question 9
參考譯文： 消防工作人員過去被指責錯誤地處理火災。
難度及答案： 難度難;答案爲TRUE
關鍵詞： personnel 、 criticize for mishandling fire containment
定位原文： 第 7 段最後一句 “Stung in the past…previously，observers say.” 觀察家們表示這些火災本該受到控制卻依舊蔓延開來，相關部門過去被嚴厲指責爲工作不力。如今，他們正面臨着來自周邊地區和峽谷的前所未有的巨大挑戰。
解題思路： 該題難點在於對應原文爲長難句，通過對對應原文的解讀，可知題幹所描述內容與原文相符，因此爲TRUE。
Question 10
參考譯文：加利福尼亞已經更換了一批消防用具。
難度及答案：難度中等;答案爲TRUE
關鍵詞： arrange of firefighting tools
定位原文： 第 8 段第 1 句 “State promises to provide…fulfilled.” 州政府已經實現了關於提供更多先進的消防車、飛機和直升機以對抗火災的承諾。
解題思路： 通過對應原文可知，題幹所描述事件正確因此爲true。
Question 11
參考譯文： 已經僱傭了更多的消防人員來提高處理火災的能力。
難度及答案： 難度中;答案爲NOT GIVEN
關鍵詞： More firefighters
定位原文：無
解題思路： 因爲原文中無法找到題幹所描述的事件，因此答案爲NOT GIVEN。
Question 12
參考譯文：居民和政府組織不同意不同的州和社會組織之間的合作-
難度及答案： 難度中等;答案爲FALSE
關鍵詞：disapprove 、 working together
定位原文： 第 8 段第 3 句 “We are pleased that…of the firefighters union.” “我們很高興現任加利福尼亞州的行政部門.非常積極主動地支持我們，同時已經通過了我們渴望已久的、滿足基礎設施需求的預算支持方案。”消防隊聯盟的麥克黑爾先生表示。
解題思路： 根據對應原文，發現居民和政府對於州際之間聯合是proactive的態度，而是題幹中所說的disapprove，因此爲FALSE。
Question 13
參考譯文：Randy Jacobs認爲因爲火災而失去生命的人的數量不會改變，儘管(在救火能力上)已經有了改變。
難度及答案： 難度中等;答案爲FALSE
關鍵詞： Randy Jacobs、the same level.
定位原文： 第 10 段最後—句 “Notwithstanding all the damage.., he says.” “儘管由森林 大火引起的損失還將持續，但我們不會像過去那樣蒙受生命損失了，因爲火災預防和消防措施已經到位。”他說道。
解題思路： 由原文可知we will no longer suffer... endured in the past.題幹描述與之不符, 因此爲FALSE。
Passage 2
Questions 14-15
參考譯文：傳統意義上，心理學家認爲人的性格是不可能____並且在一個人_____時候，性格就已經定型了。
難度及答案：難度低;答案爲 transformation/change; young age
關鍵詞：第1空的關鍵聞爲traditionally believe、impossible;第二空的關鍵詞爲person's character tend to be fixed.
定位原文：A 部分第 1 段第 1 句 “Psychologists have long…a very young age.” 心理學家 長期以來持有一種觀點，即人們的性格在任何有意義的方式下都不會經受改變， 並且人們的主要性格特點在小時候就已經確定了。
解題思路：根據對應原文發現原文有兩個分句剛好對應題目的兩個空格，從and前的分句中 cannot undergo 對應 impossible, 因此第 1 個空格爲 transformation 從第2空格句中發現空格前有定冠詞“a”，且traits of personality對應person's characteristics，determined 對應 fixed，因此第 2 空爲 young age。
Questions 16
參考譯文： 其中一個最容易獲得的品質是___。
難度及答案： 難度高;答案爲optimism
關鍵詞： the easiest qualities
定位原文： A部分第2段第1句“Some qualities... of them.”有一些品質沒有另一些品質如此難以開發，樂觀這個品質就是其中一個。
解題思路： 從對應原文中找到比較級，原文中出現比較級的部分一般爲考點。文中指出有一些品質沒有另外一些品質那麼難養成，樂觀(optimism)就是其中一個，與 one of the easiest 對應，此空格填 optimism。
Questions 17
參考譯文： 但是，不管是哪種品行，人們都有必要學習各種各樣的______以發展新的品行。
難度及答案： 難度中等;答案爲skills/techniques 。
關鍵詞：learn、 a wide variety of
定位原文： A部分第2段第2句“However, developing sometimes surprising.”但是，人們想要開發這些品質要求掌握一系列的技巧，這些技巧五花八門，有時候還可能讓人很吃驚。
解題思路： 原文中的learn、a range of與題目中master、a wide variety of 分別爲同義替換，因此此空可填 techniques/skills。
Questions 18
參考譯文： 例如，一個人必須要明白和感受一些_____.目的是提高他們的快樂程度。
難度及答案： 難度中等;答案爲 negative emotions/feelings
關鍵詞： understand and feel 、 increase their happiness
定位原文： A部分第2段第3句“For example, to bring more…emotions.” 例如，你如果想爲你的生活增加更多的快樂和激情，你必須敞開胸懷對待消極的情緒。
解題思路： 原文中 bring more joy and passion in my life、experience 與題幹中 increase their happiness、understand and fed分別屬於同義替換。因此，本題答案爲 negative, emotion。
Questions 19
參考譯文： 他們必須接受這個事實，即人們在第一次嘗試一些新事物的時候知道的不多。
難度及答案：難度高;答案爲E
關鍵詞： accept、 first trying something new
定位原文： F 部分第 3，4 句 “Psychologist Todd Kashdan has this…he says.” 心理學家 Todd Kashdan提供了這類的建議給人們去獲取這些新的激情。他說：“作爲一個新人，你通常需要去忍受並嘲笑自己的無知。你必須接受那些消極的情緒。”
解題思路： 在對應原文中找到Kashdan的態度，原文中own ignorance、accept與題幹中 they do not know、tolerate and laugh at your own 分別屬於同義替換，因此此題配對E項。
Question 20
參考譯文： 去主動留意美好的事情對一個人是很重要的。
難度答案： 難度高;答案爲C
關鍵詞： actively notice、 good things happen
定位原文： D段第2句“She recommends you about each day.”她建議人們應該訓練自己去關注那些美好的事情並且記錄下每天發生的三件美好的事情。這樣做有助於自己說服自己讓人開心的事情每時每刻都在發生，也更加容易使你採取實際的行動(去做積極的事情)。
解題思路： 參照對應原文，找到了Segerstrom的態度，原文中train yourselves to pay attention to、positive things that come about each day 與題幹中的actively notice、good things happen分別屬於同義替換，因此此題答案爲C。
Question 21
參考譯文：勇氣是可以學習的，只要人們意識到勇氣源於責任感。
難度及答案：難度高;答案爲G
關鍵詞： courage、 sense of responsibilities
定位原文： H 部分第 I 段第 5 句 “According to Cynthia Pury... obligation.” 根據一位來自克萊姆森大學的心理學會Cynthia Pury的觀點，Pedeleose的故事證明了一個觀點，這個觀點就是勇氣不是被無畏所激發，而是通過道德責任所激發。
解題思路： 參照對應原文，原文中moral obligation與題幹中sense of responsibilities屬於同義替換，且由原文中可知courage是obligation產生的，因此此題答案爲G。
Question 22
參考譯文： 當面對需要在公衆面前演講的需求時，害羞是可以被克服的。
難度及答案：難度中等;答案爲A
關鍵詞： overcome shyness、speak in public
定位原文： B部分第3句“So he learned to be…his classes.”因此，他開始學怎樣變得親和， 怎樣活躍他的課堂。
解題思路： 根據對應原文，原文中 be more outgoing、entertain his classes 與題幹中 overcome shyness、speak in the public分別屬於同義替換，因此本題答案爲A。
Question 23
參考譯文：提到了關於提到如何理性的思考，從而達到生理上的目標。
難度及答案：難度中等;答案爲E
關鍵詞：rational thinking、physical goals
定位原文： E 部分第 5 句 “Streeter learned to untangle... and mind could do.” Streeter 通過判斷自己身體和心理可以承受的程度，學習瞭如何去解除她的恐懼。
解題思路： 題幹中rational thinking對應原文learn to untangle her fears，原文全句表達了 Streeter戰勝了她心理上和生理上的恐懼，達到了自己的目標，即爲題幹中的 physical goals，因此此題匹配E段。
Question 24
參考譯文：解釋一個人是如何克服悲傷的心情的經歷。
難度及答案： 難度中等;答案爲C
關鍵詞：overcome a sad experience
定位原文： C部分全文，再發生了一場終止他運動生涯的意外時，David Fajgenbaum也做過相似的性格轉換，那時他正準備上大學。在大學校園裏，他很快發現：除了普通的詢問，學校裏並沒有爲像他那樣正在經受生理恢復和心理沮喪的學生提供服務。 他因此發起了一個提供服務小組去幫助其他的那些和他有着相似境況的人。他對於這樣的情況採取了行動，儘管他自己也在經受運傷痛，這是一種積極者的反應。
解題思路： C段全文在描寫David Fajgenbaum在事故之運如何以一種樂觀的心態面對已經積極的幫助他人的。因此匹配C段。
Question 25
參考譯文： 描述一個人如何決定去重新思考自己的學術研究之路。
難度及答案： 難度高;答案爲G
關鍵詞： rethink their academic career path
定位原文： G部分第1段，在2004年，醫學科學家Mauro Zappaterra開始在哈佛大學醫學院開展他的博士學位的研究。不幸的是，他相當痛苦，因爲他的研究與他所好奇的關於治療相關疾病的方案不相符合。最終他在Santa Fe休息了一段時間，在這八個月的時間裏，Zappaterra學到一種沒有在哈佛學過的可替代的治療技術。當回來的時候，他改變了他的實驗項目，轉而研究腦脊髓液是如何滋養神經系統的發展。他也發誓要在一切事物中，包括失敗中，尋找快樂。因爲失敗可以幫助他了解自己的研究和他自身。
解題思路： G段描述了 Zappaterra這個人從事的研究方向。從G段第四句描述了 Zappaterra 轉變了自己的研究方向，因此該題匹配G段。
Question 26
參考譯文：舉例說明一個人出於責任感不惜以自己的事業作爲代價.
難度及答案; 難度中等;答案爲H
關鍵詞： risked his career、sense of duty
定位原文： H部分第 1 段第 3 句“ The new manger was intimidating d be threatened.” 一個新上任的經理恐嚇員工，Pedeleose明知自己的事業會遭到威脅，仍仔細地錄下他每次作惡的片段，並且最終將證據交給高級主管。
解題思路： 原文以Pedeleose爲例，講述他出於道義舉報領導的不良行爲的事蹟。文中的 his own job security would be threatened 與題目中的 risked his career屬於同義替換。
Passage 3
Question 27
參考譯文： 當討論Louis Dollo的理論時,作者說____
難度及答案：難度中等;答案爲C。
關鍵詞： Louis Dollo
定位原文： 第3段第2, 3句“In 1890...”在1890年，他提出進化是不可以逆轉的：“一個有機體不能夠迴轉到之前它的祖先已經實現了的階段，哪怕只是一部分。” 在20世紀早期，生物學家得出一個相似的結論，即儘管他們認同返祖現象的可能性，並表示沒有理由證明爲什麼進化不能被反向運行，但他們就是認爲發生的可能性極小。
解題思路： 根據關鍵詞Louis Dollo定位至第3段，得知他提出進化是不可逆轉的，可是20世紀的時候，生物學家認爲沒有原因不可逆轉，也就是進化是可逆轉的。所 以是答案C。
Question 28
參考譯文： 文中提到在Vancouver島附近捉到的座頭鯨，因爲_____。
難度及答案： 難度低;答案爲D
關鍵詞： humpback whale、vancouver
定位原文： 第4段前4句“If Dollo’s...”如果多洛氏法則是正確的，返祖現象就算真的有， 應該也很少發生。然而，幾乎自這種想法產生起，就已經出現特例了。比如， 在1919年，一頭座頭鯨在加拿大溫哥華島被捕獲，它帶有一雙長達1米、像腳的附肢，且有着一套完整的肢骨。探險家Roy Chapman Andrews在那時表明這頭鯨魚一定是某種陸地生活的祖先動物的反向進化結果。
解題思路： 原文中對於座頭鯨的特徵有詳細的描述，爲什麼長成這個樣子也做出瞭解釋，說是一種反向進化的結果。所以選擇D。
Question 29
參考譯文： 關於“休眠基因”有何描述?
難度及答案： 難度低;答案爲C
關鍵詞： silent genes
定位原文： 第5段最後一句“If these...”如果這些休眠基因在以某種方式再次激活，他們表示，生物長時間丟失的特徵可以重現。
解題思路： 關鍵詞silent genes 在原文中重現。long-lost traits 替換了 certain characteristics，原文中的 reappear替換了 re-emergence。
Question 30
參考譯文： 作者提到鼴鈍口螈，因爲_____
難度及答案： 難度中等;答案爲B
關鍵詞： mole salamander
定位原文： 第7段第1句及最後—句“As a possible example...”作爲一個有可能例證的事件， 團隊列舉了墨西哥和加利福尼亜的鼴鈍口螈。鼴鈍口螈的例子與Raff的1000萬年的學說框架相符合。
解題思路： 找到mole salamander這個例子並不難，難度在於解題點在這段的最後一句話， 距離有點遠而已。原文最後一句fits With與選項B中的correct屬於同義替換c。證明Raff的理論是正確的。
Question 31
參考譯文： 下面哪一個是Wagner的理論?
難度及答案：難度低;答案爲A
關鍵詞： Wagner
定位原文： 第8段第2句到段尾“In a paper...”在一個去年發表的文章中，耶魯大學的生物學家Gunter Wagner彙報了一些關於南美蜥蜴Bachia進化史研究的工作。 它們中的一些擁有非常小的肢節;有一些看起來更像蛇而非蜥錫;有一些完全失去了後肢的趾頭。然而，其他的則彰顯出了後肢的四個趾頭。 最簡單的解釋就是這些有趾的蜥蜴品種從沒有失去過趾頭，但Wagner並不認同。根據他對 Bachia的族譜的區別，有趾的物種從它們無趾的祖先進化而成，更有甚者，腳趾的消失和產生在過去的數百萬年間發生過不止一次。
解題思路： 根據關鍵詞Wagner定位至第8段。最後一句中的re-evolved、loss and gain和 occurred on more than one occasion 與選項 A 中的 lost and regained several times屬於同義替換。
Question 32
參考譯文： 很長一段時間，生物學家都拒絕____。
難度及答案： 難度低;答案爲F
關鍵詞： for a long time、biologist、rejected
定位原文：第1段第2句“For the better part…”在一個世紀的大部分時間裏，大多數生物學家不願意用反向進化等這些詞，他們銘記着一個進化原則即“進化是不可以反向運行的”。
解題思路： 這個題不難，原文中for the better part of a century替換了 for a long time，原文中reluctant 替換了 rejected。
Question 33
參考譯文： 對於返祖進化持有相對立的觀點代表有_____。
難度及答案： 難度低;答案爲G
關鍵詞： opposing views
定位原文： 第3段第1句“While Lombroso...”當Lombroso在觀測犯人時，一位比利時的古生物學家Louis Dollo正在研究化石記錄並得出了相反的結論。
解題思路： 根據關鍵詞opposing views定位到第3句opposite condusion，句話裏的兩個人的意見是相反的。
Question 34
參考譯文： 反向進化的例子導致了____。
難度及答案： 難度中等;答案爲A
關鍵詞： examples 、 led to
定位原文： 第5段前兩句“Since then...”自從那時起，很多其他的例子已被發現，所以進化是不可逆轉的這種觀點再也無法成立了。這同時產生了困惑：消失了幾千萬年的特徵是如何能重新出現的?
解題思路： 關鍵詞examples中原文中重現。原文中propose與題目中led to屬於同義替換， 原文中 characteristics that disappeared millions of years ago 與選項 A 中 long?est traits 也屬於同義替換。
Question 35
參考譯文： 提到鯊魚和虎鯨是爲了_____.
難度及答案： 難度低;答案爲B
關鍵詞： shark、killer whale
定位原文： 倒數第2段第2句“One possibility is…”其中一個可能性就是這三種特性只是失去了，之後又簡單地重現。這就像相似的結構可以獨立地產生在沒有血緣關係的物種中，就像鯊魚和虎鯨的背部的鰭一樣。
解題思路： 根據關鍵詞定位至倒數第2段。原文中similar structures替換了選項B中的particular feature，原文中 unrelated species 替換了選項 B 中的 different species。
Question 36
參考譯文：Wabner 的研究成果的解釋之一是____.
難度及答案： 難度低;答案爲D.
關鍵詞： explanation finding、Wagner
定位原文： 倒數第2段第3句‘Another more...” 另一種更加有吸引力的可能性是那些用來生長趾頭的基因信息在蜥蜴上存活了幾百或者是幾千萬年，並且這種基因信息被重新激活了。
解題思路： 倒數第2段講了 Wagner的發現。原文中的possibility與題目中的explanation 屬於同義替換。原文中survive與選項D中continued existence屬於同義替換。
Question 37
參考譯文： Wagner是第一個做南美洲蜥蜴研究的人。
答案及難度： 難度低;答案爲NOT GIVEN .
關鍵詞： Wagner 、south American lizards
定位原文： 第8段第2 句 “In a paper...” 在一個去年發表的文章中，耶魯大學的生物學家 Gunter Wagner彙報了一些關於南美蜥蜴Bachia進化史研究的工作。
解題思路： 在文中並沒有提到Wagner是否是第一人，所以未提及。
Question 38
參考譯文： Wagner相信有趾頭的Bachia撕錫，其祖先並沒有趾頭。
難度及答案: 難度低; 答案爲YES
關鍵詞： Bachia lizards，toeless、ancestors
定位原文： 第8段最後兩句“The simplest.,”最簡單的解釋就是這些有趾的蜥蜴品種從沒有失去過趾頭， 但Wagner並不認同。根據他對Bachia的族譜的區別，有趾的物種從它們無趾的祖先進化而成，更有甚者，腳趾的消失和產生在過去的數百萬年間發生過不止一次。
解題思路：關鍵詞Bachia和toeless在文中重現，根鋸Wagner的調查.它們是從toeless ancestors進化來的;文中內容與題目一致。
Question 39
參考譯文： 胚胎時期，短暫出現了消失很久的特點的這種情況是非常少見的。
難度及答案： 難度低;答案爲NO。
關鍵詞： embryos
定位原文： 最後1段第3句話 “Early embryos...”許多物種早期的胚胎髮展出了祖先的特性。
解題思路： 關鍵詞embryos在文中重現。原文中說這種現象存在於許多物種中(many species),可是題目說這個現象非常少見(rare)，所以很明顯矛盾。其中，原文中ancestral features與題目中long-lost trails 屬於同義替換。
Question 40
參考譯文： 反向進化可能是由於子宮內的發展問題
難度及答案： 難度低;答案爲YES
關鍵詞： womb、developmental
定位原文： 最後1段最後兩句“Later in development...”這些特性在後期發展中由於某些進化程式消失了，該程式可能導致“腿部的消失”。如果因爲任何原因這些事情沒有發生，祖先的種.種特性也許就不會消失，導致返祖現象。
解題思路： 根據關鍵間womb和developmental定位至最後一段。 原文中thanks to 中caused by屬於同義替換。最後一句說，如果發展的過程沒有進行的話，那麼就會造成返祖現象，與題目一致，所以答案爲YES。
