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劍橋雅思閱讀7原文(test4)

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

Pulling strings to build pyramids

No one knows exactly how the pyramids were built. Marcus Chown reckons the answer could be ‘hanging in the air’.

The pyramids of Egypt were built more than three thousand years ago, and no one knows how. The conventional picture is that tens of thousands of slaves dragged stones on sledges. But there is no evidence to back this up. Now a Californian software consultant called Maureen Clemmons has suggested that kites might have been involved. While perusing a book on the monuments of Egypt, she noticed a hieroglyph that showed a row of men standing in odd postures. They were holding what looked like ropes that led, via some kind of mechanical system, to a giant bird in the sky. She wondered if perhaps the bird was actually a giant kite, and the men were using it to lift a heavy object.

Intrigued, Clemmons contacted Morteza Gharib, aeronautics professor at the California Institute of Technology. He was fascinated by the idea. ‘Coming from Iran, I have a keen interest in Middle Eastern science,’ he says. He too was puzzled by the picture that had sparked Clemmons’s interest. The object in the sky apparently had wings far too short and wide for a bird. ‘The possibility certainly existed that it was a kite,’ he says. And since he needed a summer project for his student Emilio Graff, investigating the possibility of using kites as heavy lifters seemed like a good idea.

Gharib and Graff set themselves the task of raising a 4.5-metre stone column from horizontal to vertical, using no source of energy except the wind. Their initial calculations and scale-model wind-tunnel experiments convinced them they wouldn’t need a strong wind to lift the 33.5-tonne column. Even a modest force, if sustained over a long time, would do. The key was to use a pulley system that would magnify the applied force. So they rigged up a tent-shaped scaffold directly above the tip of the horizontal column, with pulleys suspended from the scaffold’s apex. The idea was that as one end of the column rose, the base would roll across the ground on a trolley.

Earlier this year, the team put Clemmons’s unlikely theory to the test, using a 40-square-metre rectangular nylon sail. The kite lifted the column clean off the ground. ‘We were absolutely stunned,’ Gharib says. ‘The instant the sail opened into the wind, a huge force was generated and the column was raised to the vertical in a mere 40 seconds.’

The wind was blowing at a gentle 16 to 20 kilometres an hour, little more than half what they thought would be needed. What they had failed to reckon with was what happened when the kite was opened. ‘There was a huge initial force — five times larger than the steady state force,’ Gharib says. This jerk meant that kites could lift huge weights, Gharib realised. Even a 300-tonne column could have been lifted to the vertical with 40 or so men and four or five sails. So Clemmons was right: the pyramid builders could have used kites to lift massive stones into place. ‘Whether they actually did is another matter,’ Gharib says. There are no pictures showing the construction of the pyramids, so there is no way to tell what really happened. ‘The evidence for using kites to move large stones is no better or worse than the evidence for the brute force method,’ Gharib says.

Indeed, the experiments have left many specialists unconvinced. ‘The evidence for kite-lifting is non-existent,’ says Willeke Wendrich, an associate professor of Egyptology at the University of California, Los Angeles.

Others feel there is more of a case for the theory. Harnessing the wind would not have been a problem for accomplished sailors like the Egyptians. And they are known to have used wooden pulleys, which could have been made strong enough to bear the weight of massive blocks of stone. In addition, there is some physical evidence that the ancient Egyptians were interested in flight. A wooden artefact found on the step pyramid at Saqqara looks uncannily like a modern glider. Although it dates from several hundred years after the building of the pyramids, its sophistication suggests that the Egyptians might have been developing ideas of flight for a long time. And other ancient civilisations certainly knew about kites; as early as 1250 BC, the Chinese were using them to deliver messages and dump flaming debris on their foes.

The experiments might even have practical uses nowadays. There are plenty of places around the globe where people have no access to heavy machinery, but do know how to deal with wind, sailing and basic mechanical principles. Gharib has already been contacted by a civil engineer in Nicaragua, who wants to put up buildings with adobe roofs supported by concrete arches on a site that heavy equipment can’t reach. His idea is to build the arches horizontally, then lift them into place using kites. ‘We’ve given him some design hints,’ says Gharib. ‘We’re just waiting for him to report back.’ So whether they were actually used to build the pyramids or not, it seems that kites may make sensible construction tools in the 21st century AD.

Questions 1-7

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1 It is generally believed that large numbers of people were needed to build the pyramids.

2 Clemmons found a strange hieroglyph on the wall of an Egyptian monument.

3 Gharib had previously done experiments on bird flight.

4 Gharib and Graff tested their theory before applying it.

5 The success of the actual experiment was due to the high speed of the wind.

6 They found that, as the kite flew higher, the wind force got stronger.

7 The team decided that it was possible to use kites to raise very heavy stones.

Questions 8-13

Complete the summary below.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.

Additional evidence for theory of kite-lifting

The Egyptians had 8.................., which could lift large pieces of 9.................., and they knew how to use the energy of the wind from their skill as 10.................. discovery on one pyramid of an object which resembled a 11.................. suggests they may have experimented with 12.................. . In addition, over two thousand years ago kites were used in China as weapons, as well as for sending 13 .................. .

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

Endless Harvest

More than two hundred years ago, Russian explorers and fur hunters landed on the Aleutian Islands, a volcanic archipelago in the North Pacific, and learned of a land mass that lay farther to the north. The islands’ native inhabitants called this land mass Aleyska, the ‘Great Land’; today, we know it as Alaska.

The forty-ninth state to join the United States of America (in 1959), Alaska is fully one-fifth the size of the mainland 48 states combined. It shares, with Canada, the second longest river system in North America and has over half the coastline of the United States. The rivers feed into the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska — cold, nutrient-rich waters which support tens of millions of seabirds, and over 400 species of fish, shellfish, crustaceans, and molluscs. Taking advantage of this rich bounty, Alaska’s commercial fisheries have developed into some of the largest in the world.

According to the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G), Alaska’s commercial fisheries landed hundreds of thousands of tonnes of shellfish and herring, and well over a million tonnes of groundfish (cod, sole, perch and pollock) in 2000. The true cultural heart and soul of Alaska’s fisheries, however, is salmon. ‘Salmon,’ notes writer Susan Ewing in The Great Alaska Nature Factbook, ‘pump through Alaska like blood through a heart, bringing rhythmic, circulating nourishment to land, animals and people.’ The ‘predictable abundance of salmon allowed some native cultures to flourish,’ and ‘dying spawners_feed bears, eagles, other animals, and ultimately the soil itself.’ All five species of Pacific salmon — chinook, or king; chum, or dog; coho, or silver; sockeye, or red; and pink, or humpback — spawn_ in Alaskan waters, and 90% of all Pacific salmon commercially caught in North America are produced there. Indeed, if Alaska was an independent nation, it would be the largest producer of wild salmon in the world. During 2000, commercial catches of Pacific salmon in Alaska exceeded 320,000 tonnes, with an ex-vessel value of over $US260 million.

Catches have not always been so healthy. Between 1940 and 1959, overfishing led to crashes in salmon populations so severe that in 1953 Alaska was declared a federal disaster area. With the onset of statehood, however, the State of Alaska took over management of its own fisheries, guided by a state constitution which mandates that Alaska’s natural resources be managed on a sustainable basis. At that time, statewide harvests totalled around 25 million salmon. Over the next few decades average catches steadily increased as a result of this policy of sustainable management, until, during the 1990s, annual harvests were well in excess of 100 million, and on several occasions over 200 million fish.

The primary reason for such increases is what is known as ‘In-Season Abundance-Based Management’. There are biologists throughout the state constantly monitoring adult fish as they show up to spawn. The biologists sit in streamside counting towers, study sonar, watch from aeroplanes, and talk to fishermen. The salmon season in Alaska is not pre-set. The fishermen know the approximate time of year when they will be allowed to fish, but on any given day, one or more field biologists in a particular area can put a halt to fishing. Even sport fishing can be brought to a halt. It is this management mechanism that has allowed Alaska salmon stocks — and, accordingly, Alaska salmon fisheries — to prosper, even as salmon populations in the rest of the United States are increasingly considered threatened or even endangered.

In 1999, the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC)__commissioned a review of the Alaska salmon fishery. The Council, which was founded in 1996, certifies fisheries that meet high environmental standards, enabling them to use a label that recognises their environmental responsibility. The MSC has established a set of criteria by which commercial fisheries can be judged. Recognising the potential benefits of being identified as environmentally responsible, fisheries approach the Council requesting to undergo the certification process. The MSC then appoints a certification committee, composed of a panel of fisheries experts, which gathers information and opinions from fishermen, biologists, government officials, industry representatives, non-governmental organisations and others.

Some observers thought the Alaska salmon fisheries would not have any chance of certification when, in the months leading up to MSC’s final decision, salmon runs throughout western Alaska completely collapsed. In the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers, chinook and chum runs were probably the poorest since statehood; subsistence communities throughout the region, who normally have priority over commercial fishing, were devastated.

The crisis was completely unexpected, but researchers believe it had nothing to do with impacts of fisheries. Rather, they contend, it was almost certainly the result of climatic shifts, prompted in part by cumulative effects of the el nino/la nina phenomenon on Pacific Ocean temperatures, culminating in a harsh winter in which huge numbers of salmon eggs were frozen. It could have meant the end as far as the certification process was concerned. However, the state reacted quickly, closing down all fisheries, even those necessary for subsistence purposes.

In September 2000, MSC announced that the Alaska salmon fisheries qualified for certification. Seven companies producing Alaska salmon were immediately granted permission to display the MSC logo on their products. Certification is for an initial period of five years, with an annual review to ensure that the fishery is continuing to meet the required standards.

_spawners: fish that have released eggs

_ spawn: release eggs

__MSC: a joint venture between WWF (World Wildlife Fund) and Unilever, a Dutch-based multi-national

Questions 14-20

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?

In boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information.

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

14 The inhabitants of the Aleutian islands renamed their islands ‘Aleyska.’

15 Alaska’s fisheries are owned by some of the world’s largest companies.

16 Life in Alaska is dependent on salmon.

17 Ninety per cent of all Pacific salmon caught are sockeye or pink salmon.

18 More than 320,000 tonnes of salmon were caught in Alaska in 2000.

19 Between 1940 and 1959, there was a sharp decrease in Alaska’s salmon population.

20 During the 1990s, the average number of salmon caught each year was 100 million.

Questions 21-26

Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-K, below.

Write the correct letter, A-K, in boxes 21-26 on your answer sheet.

21 In Alaska, biologists keep a check on adult fish

22 Biologists have the authority

23 In-Season Abundance-Based Management has allowed the Alaska salmon fisheries

24 The Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) was established

25 As a result of the collapse of the salmon runs in 1999, the state decided

26 In September 2000, the MSC allowed seven Alaska salmon companies

A to recognize fisheries that care for the environment.

B to be successful.

C to stop fish from spawning.

D to set up environmental protection laws.

E to stop people fishing for sport.

F to label their products using the MSC logo.

G to ensure that fish numbers are sufficient to permit fishing.

H to assist the subsistence communities in the region.

I to freeze a huge number of salmon eggs.

J to deny certification to the Alaska fisheries.

K to close down all fisheries.

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

EFFECTS OF NOISE

In general, it is plausible to suppose that we should prefer peace and quiet to noise. And yet most of us have had the experience of having to adjust to sleeping in the mountains or the countryside because it was initially ‘too quiet’, an experience that suggests that humans are capable of adapting to a wide range of noise levels. Research supports this view. For example, Glass and Singer (1972) exposed people to short bursts of very loud noise and then measured their ability to work out problems and their physiological reactions to the noise. The noise was quite disruptive at first, but after about four minutes the subjects were doing just as well on their tasks as control subjects who were not exposed to noise. Their physiological arousal also declined quickly to the same levels as those of the control subjects.

But there are limits to adaptation and loud noise becomes more troublesome if the person is required to concentrate on more than one task. For example, high noise levels interfered with the performance of subjects who were required to monitor three dials at a time, a task not unlike that of an aeroplane pilot or an air-traffic controller (Broadbent, 1957). Similarly, noise did not affect a subject’s ability to track a moving line with a steering wheel, but it did interfere with the subject’s ability to repeat numbers while tracking (Finkelman and Glass, 1970).

Probably the most significant finding from research on noise is that its predictability is more important than how loud it is. We are much more able to ‘tune out’ chronic background noise, even if it is quite loud, than to work under circumstances with unexpected intrusions of noise. In the Glass and Singer study, in which subjects were exposed to bursts of noise as they worked on a task, some subjects heard loud bursts and others heard soft bursts. For some subjects, the bursts were spaced exactly one minute apart (predictable noise); others heard the same amount of noise overall, but the bursts

Unpredictable Noise Predictable Noise Average

Loud noise 40.1 31.8 35.9

Soft noise 36.7 27.4 32.1

Average 38.4 29.6

Table 1: Proofreading Errors and Noise

occurred at random intervals (unpredictable noise). Subjects reported finding the predictable and unpredictable noise equally annoying, and all subjects performed at about the same level during the noise portion of the experiment. But the different noise conditions had quite different after-effects when the subjects were required to proofread written material under conditions of no noise. As shown in Table 1 the unpredictable noise produced more errors in the later proofreading task than predictable noise; and soft, unpredictable noise actually produced slightly more errors on this task than the loud, predictable noise.

Apparently, unpredictable noise produces more fatigue than predictable noise, but it takes a while for this fatigue to take its toll on performance.

Predictability is not the only variable that reduces or eliminates the negative effects of noise. Another is control. If the individual knows that he or she can control the noise, this seems to eliminate both its negative effects at the time and its after-effects. This is true even if the individual never actually exercises his or her option to turn the noise off (Glass and Singer, 1972). Just the knowledge that one has control is sufficient.

The studies discussed so far exposed people to noise for only short periods and only transient effects were studied. But the major worry about noisy environments is that living day after day with chronic noise may produce serious, lasting effects. One study, suggesting that this worry is a realistic one, compared elementary school pupils who attended schools near Los Angeles’s busiest airport with students who attended schools in quiet neighbourhoods (Cohen et al., 1980). It was found that children from the noisy schools had higher blood pressure and were more easily distracted than those who attended the quiet schools. Moreover, there was no evidence of adaptability to the noise. In fact, the longer the children had attended the noisy schools, the more distractible they became. The effects also seem to be long lasting. A follow-up study showed that children who were moved to less noisy classrooms still showed greater distractibility one year later than students who had always been in the quiet schools (Cohen et al, 1981). It should be noted that the two groups of children had been carefully matched by the investigators so that they were comparable in age, ethnicity, race, and social class.

Questions 27-29

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in boxes 27-29 on your answer sheet.

27 The writer suggests that people may have difficulty sleeping in the mountains because

A humans do not prefer peace and quiet to noise.

B they may be exposed to short bursts of very strange sounds.

C humans prefer to hear a certain amount of noise while they sheep.

D they may have adapted to a higher noise level in the city.

28 In noise experiments, Glass and Singer found that

A problem-solving is much easier under quiet conditions.

B physiological arousal prevents the ability to work.

C bursts of noise do not seriously disrupt problem-solving in the long term.

D the physiological arousal of control subjects declined quickly.

29 Researchers discovered that high noise levels are not likely to interfere with the

A successful performance of a single task.

B tasks of pilots or air traffic controllers.

C ability to repeat numbers while tracking moving lines.

D ability to monitor three dials at once.

Questions 30-34

Complete the summary using the list of words and phrases, A-J, below.

Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 30-34 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

Glass and Singer (1972) showed that situations in which there is intense noise have less effect on performance than circumstances in which e occurs. Subjects were divided into groups to perform a task. Some heard loud bursts of noise, others soft. For some subjects, the noise was predictable, while for others its occurrence was random. All groups were exposed to e. The predictable noise group unpredictable noise group on this task.

In the second part of the experiment, the four groups were given a proofreading task to complete under conditions of no noise. They were required to check written material for errors. The group which had been exposed to unpredictable noise group which had been exposed to predictable noise. The group which had been exposed to loud predictable noise performed better than those who had heard soft, unpredictable bursts. The results suggest that e produces fatigue but that this manifests itself later.

A no control over

B unexpected

C intense

D the same amount of

E performed better than

F performed at about the same level as

G no

H showed more irritation than

I made more mistakes than

J different types of

Questions 35-40

Look at the following statements (Questions 35-40) and the list of researchers below.

Match each statement with the correct researcher(s), A-E.

Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 35-40 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

35 Subjects exposed to noise find it difficult at first to concentrate on problem-solving tasks.

36 Long-term exposure to noise can produce changes in behaviour which can still be observed a year later.

37 The problems associated with exposure to noise do not arise if the subject knows they can make it stop.

38 Exposure to high-pitched noise results in more errors than exposure to low-pitched noise.

39 Subjects find it difficult to perform three tasks at the same time when exposed to noise.

40 Noise affects a subject’s capacity to repeat numbers while carrying out another task.

List of Researchers

A Glass and Singer

B Broadbent

C Finkelman and Glass

D Cohen et al.

E None of the above

　　劍橋雅思閱讀7原文參考譯文(test4)

PASSAGE 1 參考譯文：

線牽金字塔

沒有人知道金字塔到底是怎麼建成的。Marcus Chown料想答案可能是“懸空而造”。

埃及的金字塔是在3000多年前建造的，但是沒有人知道它們是以何方式建造的。傳統的描述是由成千上萬的奴隸拖動載有石頭的雪橇來建造的。但是沒有證據正明這一觀點。加利福尼亞的軟件顧問 Maureen Clemmons日前提出在金字搭的建造過程中可能使用了風箏。在翻閱一本有關埃及古蹟的書時，她發現一個象形文字描述的是一羣人以奇怪的姿勢站立。他們手裏拉着類似繩索的東西，通過某種機械連着空中的一隻巨鳥。她想知道那隻巨鳥是否可能就足一隻大的風箏，而那些人正用它來舉起重物。

好奇心驅使下的Clemmons聯繫了加州理工學院的航空學教授Morteza Gharib。後者對她的想法很感興趣。他說：“我來自伊朗，對中東的科技有濃厚的興趣，他同樣也對令Clemmons甘心去的圖片感到疑惑。懸在空中無題的兩翼對於鳥類來說明顯太短太寬。是風箏的可能性確實是存在的，”他說。因爲他剛好需要給學生Emilio Graff佈置一項暑期研究計劃，調查用風箏做起重器的可能性是一個好主意。

Gharib和Graff嘗試只借助風力(除此之外沒有其他能源)來把一塊水平放置的4.5米長的石柱直立起來。最初的計算以及風洞模型試驗讓他們相信不用太強的風力就舉起這塊33.5噸重的石柱。甚至只要風力適度，如果能維持一定的時間就能做到。關鍵是要用一個滑輪系統把使用的風力擴大。因此他們在橫放的石柱頂部正上方搭了一個帳篷形的支架，在支架的頂部懸掛了滑車。理論是當石柱的一端被吊起，另一端就能順着下面的手推車翻轉過來。

今年早些吋候，他們用一塊40平方米的方形尼龍風帆把Clemmons的空頭理論付諸實驗。最終風帆把石柱完全擡離地面。“我們完全目瞪口呆”，Gharib說。“風帆在風中展開那一刻產生一股巨大的風力，僅花了40 秒石柱就被擡離地面。”

當時的風力時速僅爲16到20公里，還不足他們預想所需風力的一半。他們沒有想到的是當風箏打開時會發生什麼。“巨大的初始風力比恆穩狀態風力大五倍，”Gharib說。他意識到這種猛然的拉力意味着風箏能夠舉起巨大的重量，只需40個左右的人力加上四五個風帆就能把一根300噸的石柱直立起來。所以 Clemmons是對的，金字塔的建造者們可能使用了風箏把巨大的石塊擡升至指定位置。“他們是否真的使用了風箏是另外一回事，”Gharib說。沒有圖畫描述金字塔的建造情況，所以沒有辦法知道“真正發生的事情”。使用風箏搬運巨石的證據和使用強力法的證據不相上下，Gharib說。

事實上，這些實驗許多專家並不信服。洛杉磯加州大學的埃及古物學副教授WillekeWendrich就說: “支持風箏搬運的證據並不存在”。

其他人則認爲支持該理論的實例不在少數。對像埃及人這樣熟練的水手來說駕馭風力不是問題。而且我們都知道他們製造了堅固的木質滑車以承運大塊巨石。此外，有物證表明古埃及人對飛翔很感興趣。在塞加拉的階梯金字塔上發現的一塊木製加工品就酷似現代的滑翔機。儘管它出現在金字塔建成幾百年後，但是它的精密程度卻顯示埃及人想要飛翔的想法已經非常久遠。而其他古文明確實也瞭解風箏;早在公元前1250年，中國人就用它們來傳遞信息或向敵人傾倒燃燒的碎片。

甚至現在這一實驗可能還具有實用性。全世界很多地方的人們沒有大型機械，卻知道如何利用風能. 航海和基本的機械原理。一位尼加拉瓜的土木工程師就聯繫了Gharib，想要在一個沒有重型機械的地方建造用混凝土拱支持土坯屋頂的房子。他的想法是先在地平線上邊建造拱頂，然後用風箏擡升拱頂到預定位置。“我們給了他一些設計建議，還在等待他的反饋”。Gharib說。所以不用風箏有沒有被用來建造金字塔，似乎它們在公元21世紀卻可能是實用的建築工具。

TEST 4 PASSAGE 2 參考譯文：

無盡的豐收

兩百多年前，俄羅斯探險者和皮毛狩獵者抵達阿留申羣島(位於北太平洋的一個火山羣島)，發現了位於北部遠方的一塊大陸。島上的原住民把這塊大陸稱爲阿留斯卡，意爲“偉大的土地”。如今，我們叫它阿拉斯加。

1959年，阿拉斯加加入美利堅合衆國，成爲美國的第49個州，其面積相當於美國其他48個州總面積的五分之一。它與加拿大共用北美大陸第二長水系，擁有美國一半以上的海岸線。多條河流注人白令海峽和阿拉斯加灣——冰冷而富含養分的水域是成千上萬海鳥賴以生存的家園。此外，這片水域中還生活着400 多種魚類、貝類，蝦蟹和軟體動物。阿拉斯加的商業漁場充分利用了大自然的饋贈，已經發展成爲世界上規模最大的漁業聚集地之一。

據阿拉斯加漁業與捕撈局稱，在2000年阿拉斯加商業漁場出產了成百上千噸的貝類和鯡魚，還有一百多萬噸底棲魚(包括鱈魚、鰨魚、鱸魚和青鱈)。阿拉斯加漁業真正的文化心臟和靈魂卻是大馬哈魚。隨筆作家蘇珊?尤因在她的著作《偉大的阿拉斯加自然概況》一書中指出，大馬哈魚從阿拉斯加遊過，就像血液流經心臟一樣，爲這片土地、動物和人們帶來獨具韻律、循環通暢的給養。可預見的豐富的大馬哈魚產量使本土文化得以繁榮發展，垂死的產卵魚爲熊、鷹和其他動物提供食物，最終爲這片土地提供養料。5種太平洋大馬哈魚都在阿拉斯加水域產卵：奇努克大馬哈魚(王鮭)、馬蘇大馬哈魚(狗鮭)、銀大馬哈魚(銀鮭)、紅大馬哈魚(紅鮭)、粉大馬哈魚(駝背大馬哈魚)。北美90%的商業太平洋大馬哈魚都產自阿拉斯加。如果阿拉斯加是一個獨立國家的話，它將是全世界最大的野生大馬哈魚產地。2000年，阿拉斯加商業大馬哈魚產量超過320,000噸，船邊交易額超過2.6億美元。

然而，捕魚業並非一直這麼風調雨順。1940到1959年,過度捕撈使得大馬哈魚的數量急劇減少，1953 年，阿拉斯加成爲“聯邦受災漁區”。不過，州政府通過抗爭奪回了漁業自主管理權，在州法院的指導下開展漁業活動。而州法院負責確保阿拉斯加的自然資源在可持續發展的基礎上進行開發利用。那時候，全國範圍內的大馬哈魚產量大約爲2500萬條。在可持續捕撈政策的管理下，接下來的幾十年裏，大馬哈魚的產量平穩上升。20世紀90年代，大馬哈魚的年產超過1億條，個別年份甚至超過了2億條。

產量提高的首要原因是實施了被稱作“當季捕撈盈餘爲本”的管理方法。全州範圍內的生物學家負責持續監測將要產卵的成年大馬哈魚。生物學家們坐在河濱的觀測計算塔裏,研究聲納系統，從飛機上進行觀察，並與漁民交談。大馬哈魚捕撈季節不是預先設定好的某一時刻。漁民們知道一年中政府允許捕撈的大概時間段。但是在某些特定的日子，某個地區的一個或多個領域的生物學家有權要求停止捕魚活動。甚至連體育比賽性的釣魚活動也會被禁止。正是這樣的管觀機制使得阿拉斯加的大馬哈魚儲量得到保證，並使阿拉斯加的捕魚業得以持續發展。而同時，美國其他地區的大馬哈魚數量卻日益令人擔憂，處在備受威脅、甚至是危險的狀態中。

1999年，海洋管理委員會(MSC)授權審查阿拉斯加大馬哈魚捕撈業。該委員會成立於1996年，它爲符合高環保標準的漁業發放證明，允許他們使用標籤，表明他們知道自己肩負的環保責任。海洋管理委員會設定了一套評定商業捕魚業的標準。漁業公司認識到通過環保負責評定所帶來的潛在利益後，紛紛要求該委員會爲自己做相關評定。於是，海洋管理委員建立了一個專門的評定委員會，組建專門的漁業專家小組，從漁民、生物學家、政府官員、產業代表和非政府組織等人士那裏收集相關信息和觀點。

在海洋管理委員會做最後決定的那幾個月裏，西阿拉斯加的大馬哈魚魚羣全線崩潰。於是，一些觀察家認爲，阿拉斯加大馬哈魚漁業不會有任何獲得官方機構認證的機會了，在育空河和卡斯科奎姆河流域，奇努克大馬哈魚和馬蘇大馬哈魚幾乎處於建州以來最貧瘠的狀態。該地區對商業捕魚擁有優先權的可持續發展機構對此束手無策。

這場危機完全出乎人們的意料，但研?a href="">咳嗽畢嘈耪獠⒉皇怯嬉搗⒄掛鸕摹Ｏ嚳矗潛緋普獗囟ㄊ瞧蟣浠慕峁翹窖篤螄窒蠖蚨崤島屠崮瘸中饔玫暮蠊Ｕ廡┢螄窒笤斐啥斕目岷? 結果大量大馬哈魚的卵在冰冷的海水裏被凍死。海洋管理委員會的評定也似乎走到了盡頭。然而，阿拉斯加州迅速做出反應，關閉所有漁場，甚至包括那些爲了研究可持續發展的漁場。

2000年9月，海洋管理委員會宣佈阿拉斯加大馬哈魚漁業通過了資格審查。7家也產阿拉斯加大馬哈魚的漁業公司立即獲准在產品上使用海洋管理委員會專用徽標。該證明的起始期限爲5年，之後每年進行一次評定，以確保漁業公司仍然符合規定的標準。

TEST 4 PASSAGE 3 參考譯文：

噪音影響

總體來說，人們應該更喜歡和平寧靜而不喜歡噪音——這種想法貌似有些道理。我們大多數人都有過這樣的經歷：如果在深山或者鄉村睡覺，必須作一些調整才能睡得着，因爲這些地方起初“太安靜”了。這一例子說明人類有能力去適應不同程度、分貝跨度較大的各種噪音。研究也證實了這一點。例如，Glass和 Singer(1972)將人們說於瞬間發出的非常刺耳的噪聲環境之中，然後測量他們解決問題的能力和由此產生的生理反應。起初，噪音讓人心煩意亂。但大約四分鐘後，將置於噪音下的實驗對象與處於正常環境中的人們相比發現，前者在完成任務方而做得很不錯，而且他們對噪音的生理反應也會迅速降低到與後者持平的水平。

但如果要求試驗對象同時專注幾項任務時，其對噪音的適應性能力就會達到極限，噪音也會變得更加讓人心煩意亂。例如，如果一個實驗對象需要同時監視三個刻度盤，那麼高分貝噪音就會嚴重干擾他們完成工作。同時監視多個刻度盤其實和飛行員或者空中交通調解員的工作別無二致(Broadbent, 1957)。同理，噪音並不會影響實驗對象追蹤一個旋轉輪子形成的不斷移動的軌跡，但如果讓實驗對象在追蹤的同時重複數字，那麼噪音對他們的影響就很大了(Finkelman and Glass，1970)。

或許，此項關於噪音的研究最重大的發現，就是噪音的可預見性要比它分貝的大小更爲重要。我們完全有能力對長期存在的背景噪音“聽而不聞”，即使它們確實很吵;而如果人們工作時受到突如其來的噪音的侵襲，他們就會很不適應。在Glass和Singer的研究中，當實驗對象正做一項工作時，把他們置於突然發出的噪音環境中，有些人聽到的聲音非常大，而有些人聽到的聲音卻要柔和得多。實驗對象中一部分人聽到的噪音是嚴格按照一分鐘的時間間隔產生的(可預測性噪音);他人聽到的噪音總量是不變的，但是產生時間卻是隨機的(非可預測性噪音)。實驗組稱，可預測性噪音和非可預測性噪音都很惱人，而所有實驗對象在噪音測試部分的表現都處在同一水平線上，然而，在無噪音環境下要求實驗對象校對書面材料時，不同噪音條件帶來的副作用是迥然不同的。如表1所和可預測性噪音相比，非可預測性噪音使試驗對象在校對時出現更多錯誤;柔和的非可預測性噪音實際上比吵鬧的可預測性噪音讓人出現更多錯誤。

表格1：校對錯誤與噪音

非可預測性噪音 可預測性噪音 均值

高分貝噪音 40. 1 31.8 35.9

輕柔噪音 36.7 27.4 32.1

均值 38.4 29.6

顯然，非可預測性噪音會讓人更疲勞，不過疲勞導致工作上的錯誤還需要一段時間。

預測性不是唯一可以減少或者消除噪音負而影響的變量。另一個變量是噪音的可控性。如果一個人知道自己可以控制噪音的話，這一點似乎可以消除當時噪音的負面影響和副作用。 即使人們沒有真正實踐他的想法，去關掉噪音，這種效果也是可以達到的。僅知道自己有控制噪音的能力就足夠了。

到目前爲止，所討論的研究都是將人們短時間置於噪音環境中，也只是研究了由此帶來的瞬間影響。但是噪音環境所引起的主要憂慮是，日復一日地長期生活在噪音環境中可能會產生嚴重、持久的影響。一項研究表明，此擔心是有現實性的。將在洛杉磯最繁忙的機場旁邊上學的小學生和那些在安靜環境中上學的小學生相比較(Cohen et al., 1980),就會發現噪音地區的小學生血壓較高，更容易轉移注意力。此外，並沒有跡象表明孩子們會逐漸適應噪音。事實上，孩子們在喧鬧的學校待的時間越久，他們越難以集中注意力。另外一項跟蹤研究表明，和那些一直在安靜學校上學的孩子相比，即使喧鬧學校裏的孩子們搬到安靜一些的學校待上一年以後，他們還是難以集中注意力。有一點需要說明的是，兩組孩子都是經過研究人員精心匹配的，他們在年齡、民族習性、種族和社會階層上都具有可比性。

劍橋雅思閱讀7原文解析(test4)

Passage 1

Question 1

答案：TRUE

關鍵詞：large numbers of people, build the pyramids

定位原文: 第1段第2句: “The conventional picture is that…”

解題思路: 此題通過定位詞可以迅速定位至首段第2句話，題幹對文章定位句的概括性改寫分析如下：generally believed — conventional picture, large numbers of people — tens of thousands of slaves. 因此答案很明顯應該是TRUE。

Question 2

答案：FALSE

關鍵詞：hieroglyph, Egyptian monument

定位原文: 首段第5句: “While perusing a book…”

解題思路: 此題定位詞在文中原詞出現，可以快速定位。文中定位句指出Clemmons是在一本關於埃及古蹟的書中讀到的象形文字信息，而題目卻說她在一座埃及古蹟的牆上發現了象形文字，顯然題目與文章相悖，因此此題答案爲FALSE。

Question 3

答案：NOT GIVEN

關鍵詞：experiment, bird flight

定位原文: 無

解題思路: 題乾的定位信息在文章中未出現，此題爲最典型的“原文完全未提及型”，故答案爲NOT GIVEN

Question 4

答案： TRUE

關鍵詞：theory

定位原文: 第4段首句：”Earlier this year...” 今年早些時候，他們把Clemmons空頭理論付諸實驗

解題思路: 題目與文章完全相符，因此此題答案爲TRUE

Question 5

答案：FALSE

關鍵詞：high speed of the wind

定位原文: 第5段首句: “The wind was blowing at…”

解題思路: 此題按照順序原則，在第五段首句定位出與風速相關的信息，但文中對於風速的描述爲 gentle和little more than half(與一半差不多)，顯然題目與原文不符，因此答案爲FALSE

Question 6

答案：NOT GIVEN

關鍵詞：kite, wind force

定位原文： 第5段第2句、第3句: “What they had failed to… ‘There was a huge initial force …”他們沒有想到的是當風帆打開時會發生什麼“巨大的初始風力比恆穩狀態風力還大五倍。” Gharib說道。

解題思路: 此題定位比較容易。在定位句中只提到了kite打開的吋候wind force很大，對於題目中的兩個比較級完全沒提及，此題爲典型的“題目內容文章部分提及型”，故答案爲NOT GIVEN。

Question 7

答案：TRUE

關鍵詞：kite, very heavy stones

定位原文: 第5段第4句：“This jerk meant that…”

解題思路: 此題按照順序原則在上一題定位句之後就能找到定位詞。題目與原文含義一致，均爲“風帆可以提升極大的重量”，故答案爲TRUE。

Question 8

答案：(wooden) pulleys

關鍵詞： Egyptians

定位原文: 第7段第2句、第3句: “ the Egyptians. And they are known to have used wooden pulleys...

解題思路: 在定位段中查找定位詞可以迅速定位於該段第二句。題中空格前爲動詞had，所以應於文中定位處掃描該動詞或其同義詞或其上下義詞。此處掃描結果爲to have used，則其後單詞即爲答案: (wooden) pulleys。

Question 9

答案：stone

關鍵詞： large pieces

定位原文: 第7段第3句: “…, which could have been made strong enough to bear the weight of massive blocks of stone.”

解題思路: 此題在文中定位緊接着上一題。通過掃描定位詞得出 large pieces of 對應文中 massive blocks of，於是其後單詞即爲答案：stone。

Question 10

答案：(accomplished) sailors

關鍵詞：energy from the wind

定位原文: 第7段第2句: “Harnessing the wind would not…”

解題思路: 此題爲同一定位段內的亂序題，由於確定解題段爲第七段，在兩次定位後仍能將此空定位於段落次句。此空格前爲介詞as，則在定位處掃描該介詞或其他介詞。此處掃描結果爲for，則其後單詞即爲答案：(accomplished) sailors。

Question 11

答案：(modern) glider

關鍵詞：pyramid, resembled

定位原文: 第7段第5句: “A wooden artefact found…”

解題思路: 此題通過順序原則可以很快定位，定位處looks uncannily like對應題中resembled, 且空格需填寫一個單數名詞，則答案爲(modem) glider。

Question 12

答案：flight

關鍵詞：suggest, have experimented with

定位原文: 第7段倒數第2句 “…, its sophistication suggests that…”

解題思路: 此題解題技巧同第10題，由於空格前爲介詞with, 故在定位句中掃描後定位於介詞of，且have been developing ideas of對應於題中 have experimented with，所以答案爲of後單詞：flight。

Question 13

答案：messages

關鍵詞：China

定位原文: 第7段末句：“the Chinese were using them to…”

解題思路: 空格前爲動詞sending, 則在定位句中掃描得到動詞deliver與之對應，其後單詞即爲答案：messages。

Test 4 Passage 2

Question 14

答案： FALSE

關鍵詞：inhabitants, Aleutian islands, Aleyska

定位原文: 第1段末句: “The islands’ native inhabitants called…”

解題思路: 此題定位詞均在文章第一段以原詞出現。其含義爲“島上居民稱此島爲Aleyska”，而題中關鍵詞爲重命名(renamed)，與文章不符，故此題答案爲FALSE。

Question 15

答案： NOT GIVEN

關鍵詞：Alaska's fisheries, largest companies

定位原文: 第2段末句: “Taking advantage of this rich bounty…”

解題思路: 此題通過定位詞可以快速定位。文中定位句指出，阿拉斯加的一些商業漁場發展成爲世界上最大的漁場。題目中所提到的“漁場爲最大的公司所擁有”在文中並未提及，所以此題答案爲NOT GIVEN。

Question 16

答案： TRUE

關鍵詞：life, salmon

定位原文: 第3段第3句: “‘Salmon,’ notes writer Susan Ewing…”

解題思路: 通過題中定位詞可定位於首次出現salmon的第三段。定位處運用比喻的手法說明大馬哈魚對於阿拉斯加意義重大，就像流過心臟的血液一樣，這與題目中的dependent on(依賴於)對應，故此題答案爲TRUE。

Question 17

答案：NOT GIVEN

關鍵詞：ninety per cent, Pacific salmon

定位原文: 第3段倒數第3句: “All five species of Pacific salmon…”

解題思路: 此題定位詞均在文中以原詞出現，定位句介紹了在阿拉斯加水域產卵的五種太平洋大馬哈魚，並指出被捕撈的太平洋大馬哈魚有90%都產自此水域。而題目卻將產自此水域的五種魚等同爲一種，是典型的“由文到題範圍縮小型”，故此題答案爲NOT GIVEN。

Question 18

答案： TRUE

關鍵詞：Alaska, in 2000

定位原文: 第3段末句: “During 2000, commercial catches…”

解題思路: 根據順序原則可迅速定位此題，且定位句和題目內容一致，文章中的exceeded與題目中的more than屬於同義轉述。故此題答案爲TRUE。

Question 19

答案：TRUE

關鍵詞：Between 1940 and 1959, Alaska's salmon population

定位原文: 第4段第2句: “Between 1940 and 1959...”

解題思路: 定位詞均以原詞出現，定位句指出：在1940到1959年間，過度捕撈導致大馬哈魚總量大跌，這與題目完全一致。文章中的crashes與題目中的sharp decrease屬於同義轉述。故此題答案爲TRUE。

Question 20

答案： FALSE

關鍵詞：1990s, average number

定位原文: 第4段末句：“…during the 1990s, annual harvests were…”

解題思路: 根據年代可迅速定位於第四段末句，定位句指出年捕撈量超過(in excess of)1億，還有些年份爲2億，而題目則說平均爲1億，故此題答案爲FALSE。

Question 21

答案： G

關鍵詞：biologists, adult fish

定位原文: 第5段第2句：“There are biologists throughout the state…”

解題思路: 此題定位較易，但解題較難。由定位句可知生物學家從成年魚類開始產卵時對其進行監控，但是並未直接指出其目的，考生只能通過理解該段上下文分析得出：生物學家的監控是“當季捕撈盈餘爲本”管理方法的一部分，而這項管理帶來了魚量的增加，從而得出生物學家的目的是監控魚是否充足(abundance)。通過掃描選項關鍵詞，只有G選項關鍵詞能與之對應：to ensure that fish numbers are sufficient(對應abundance)to permit fishing。故正確答案爲G

Question 22

答案：E

關鍵詞：authority

定位原文: 第5段倒數第2句: “..., but on any given day, one or more field biologists…”

解題思路: 此題定位較難，考生應使用排除法，最後解決這道題定位句指出生物學家可以制止(halt)捕魚行爲。通過掃描選項關鍵同，只有E選項關鍵詞能與之對應：to stop(對應halt)people fishing for sport。故正確答案爲E

Question 23

答案： B

關鍵詞：allowed

定位原文: 第5段末句: “It is this management mech?anism that…”

解題思路: 此題按照順序原則可迅速定位，定位句指出該項管理手段使得阿拉斯加的大馬哈魚漁業開始繁榮(prosper)。通過掃描選項關鍵詞，只有B選項關鍵詞能與之對應：to be successful(對應prosper)。故正確答案爲B。

Question 24

答案：A

關鍵詞：MSC, established

定位原文: 第6段第2句: “The Council, which was found in 1996, certifies…”

解題思路: 要定位此題，必須先辨識出established在文中的同義轉述was found，定位句指出MSC會認證滿足高環保標準的漁場;通過掃描選項關鍵詞，只有A選項關鍵詞能與之對應：to recognize(對應certifies)fisheries that care for the environment (對應 meet high environmental standards)。故正確答案爲A

Question 25

答案：K

關鍵詞：the state

定位原文: 第8段末句: “However, the state reacted quickly…”

解題思路: 通過題幹主語可快速定位，通過掃描定位句和剩餘選項可以很快看出K選項“to close down all fisheries”與原文幾乎完全一致。故正確答案爲K

Question 26

答案：F

關鍵詞：seven Alaska salmon

定位原文: 第9段第2句: “Seven companies producing Alaska salmon were…”

解題思路: 此題定位句指出題目中提到的7家公司被授權可以在自己的產品上使用MSC的標誌。通過掃描選項關鍵詞及剩餘選項，發現F選項“to label(對應 display)their products using the MSC logo” 幾乎與原文一致。故正確答案爲F

Test 4 Passage 3

Question 27

答案： D

關鍵詞：sleeping in the mountains

定位原文: 對應第1段前2句: “In general, it is plausible to…”

解題思路: 第1段前2句先指出人類似乎(plausible意爲“貌似真實的”)更喜歡安靜， 然後利用yet轉折引出在山區睡覺會因爲太安靜而難以入睡。此題使用排除法能很快解題：A中的“喜歡噪音不喜歡寧靜”文章並未提及;B中的“瞬間產生的奇怪聲音”在定位句中也末提及;C中的“人喜歡睡覺時聽噪音”也未提及;只有D 選項符合文意，其中adapted to a higher noise level對應文中的adjust(調節)，因爲城市噪音較大，所以在山裏睡覺時需要調節適應。正確答案：D。

Question 28

答案：C

關鍵詞：Glass and Singer

定位原文: 對應第1段最後2句: “The noise was quite disruptive…Their physiological arousal…”

解題思路: 這兩句說的是：起初，噪音讓人心煩意亂。但在大約四分鐘後，被研究者就能像那些未處於噪音之中的對照實驗組一樣很好地工作。他們的生理反應也迅速的消退到與對照實驗組相當的水平。正確答案：C。

Question 29

答案： A

關鍵詞：high noise levels，not... interfere with

定位原文: 第2段首句: “But there are limits to adaptation…” 但如果要求試驗對象同時專注幾項任務時，其對噪音的適應能力就會到達極限，噪音也會變得更加讓人心煩意亂。

解題思路: 從第2句開始就開始舉例(For example)，因此例子之前的引導句就是解題句。噪音干擾同時專注多項任務的人，則A選項就可能不被幹擾，爲正確答案，其他三個選項都是原文出現的內容，都是包含多項任務的選項。正確答案：A。

Question 30

答案： B

關鍵詞：Glass and Singer, circumstances

定位原文: 第3段第2句：“We are much more able to…”

解題思路: 空格所填詞爲noise的修飾詞，於是答案只限於BCDGJ。由題目所在句句意分析，可得出空格所填詞應與intense構成反義關係。經過篩選可以確定答案爲B選項：unexpected。另外，通過比較題目和文中定位處的對應關係，可得出題中in which____occurs對應文中with unexpected intrusions，也能選出正確答案B

Question 31

答案：D

關鍵詞：all

定位原文: 第3段第4句: “For some subjects, the bursts were…”

解題思路: 按照順序原則在第30題後掃描定位詞可以迅速定位。空格所填詞爲noise的修飾詞，答案也只可能爲BCDGJ，在這五個選項中只有D選項與原文the same amount一致，故正確答案爲D。

Question 32

答案：F

關鍵詞：predictable group, unpredictable group

定位原文: 第3段倒數第3句: “Subjects reported finding the predictable and…”

解題思路: 此題定位同樣可按照順序原則。該題空格前後爲兩類人，因此中間應填同爲比較關係，故答案只能爲EFHI。通過掃描文中對應點：可發現兩種人 performed at about the same level, 因此只能選擇F選項

Question 33

答案：I

關鍵詞：written material

定位原文: 第3段最後一句: “As shown in Table 1…”

解題思路: 通過分析空格前後內容，可知空格內須填寫處在可預測性噪音和非可預測性噪音中的兩類人的比較關係，答案只能爲EFHI。可以在文中對應點後掃描出相關比較關係：produced more errors，選項中只有I中的關鍵詞made more mistakes與之相符, 故答案爲I

Question 34

答案： B

關鍵詞：fatigue

定位原文: 第4段: “Apparently, unpredictable noise produces…”

解題思路: 此題定位詞在文中原詞出現，且題目空格所填詞爲造成疲勞(fatigue)的噪音類別，顯然對應原文中的unpredictable noise。正確答案爲B。

Question 35

答案： A

關鍵詞：difficult at first

定位原文: 第1段倒數第2句: “The noise was quite disruptive at first…” 起初，噪音讓人心煩意亂。

解題思路: 掃描到定位詞disruptive at first，與第35題相符。再往上回溯第1段第4句，提到是發現是 “ Glass and Singer (1972) exposed people to…” 故答案爲A

Question 36

答案： D

關鍵詞：long-term exposure, changes

定位原文: 末段倒數第2句: “A follow-up study showed that… in the quiet schools (Cohen et al, 1981)” 另外一項跟蹤研究表明，和那些一直在安靜學校上學的孩子相比，即使喧鬧學校的孩子們搬到安靜一些的學校待上一年以後，他們還是難以集中注意力。

解題思路: 36題中關鍵詞在D選項研究者的研究結果中全部出現，且含義一致.故答案爲D

Question 37

答案：A

關鍵詞：make it stop

定位原文: 第5段第2句、第3句: “If the individual knows that… This is true even…the noise off (Glass and Singer, 1972)”

解題思路: 定位處關鍵詞control與第35題中make it stop對應，故答案爲A

Question 38

答案：E

關鍵詞：high-pitched, low-pitched

定位原文: 無

解題思路: 文中對應處均未提及噪音分貝高低問題，故此題通過排除法只能選擇E。

Question 39

答案：B

關鍵詞：three tasks

定位原文: 定位於第2段第2句: “For example, high noise levels interfered with the performance of subjects who were required to monitor three dials at a time... (Broadbent, 1957)” 例如，如果每個試驗對象需要同時監視三個刻度盤，那麼高分貝噪音就會嚴重干擾他們完成工作

解題思路: 定位處monitor three dials at a time 與第39題中perform three tasks at the same time相對應。故答案爲B。

Question 40

答案：C

關鍵詞：repeat numbers, another task

定位原文: 定位於第二段末句: “... but it did interfere with the subject's ability to repeat numbers while tracking (Finkelman and Glass, 1970).” 但如果讓實驗對象在追蹤的同時重複數字，那麼噪音對他們的影響就很大了。

解題思路: 定位處tracking對應第40題中carrying out another task。故答案爲C。