死亡人數最多的十大火山噴發事故(下)
t Tambora: Sumatra: 1815: 92,000
5.坦博拉火山（所在地：蘇門答臘島，噴發時間：1815年，死亡人數：92000人）Mt Tambora's explosive eruption is one of the most powerful ever recorded and had a dreadful impact all around the world, affecting global weather and causing the following year, 1816, to be known as 'The Year Without a Summer'. The eruption caused tsunamis in the surrounding areas and ash fall ruined crops on nearby farms. Many of the deaths attributed to the volcano were secondary, caused by starvation or drowning, rather than by direct contact with ash and lava. It is interesting to note that a small group of arty types were kept indoors in 1816, by unseasonal rain caused by the high levels of ash and volcanic gases in the atmosphere, on their Swiss holiday. To stave off boredom, they all challenged each other to write the best short story or poem. The wife of one of the poets present produced a gruesome tale called Frankenstein, while another of the poets wrote 'A Fragment' that later inspired the story of Dracula; Mary Shelley and Lord Bryon respectively might never have produced these important works had it not been for the volcano all those miles away. Volcanic debris in the air was responsible for some amazing technicolour sunsets in London, many of which have been immortalised in the work of Turner, the artist.
坦博拉火山大爆發是至今爲止記錄在案的最爲猛烈的火山噴發之一，在全世界範圍內造成了可怕的影響，甚至還改變了地球的氣候，使得次年（1816年）成爲了“無夏之年”。此次事故導致周邊地帶發生多起海嘯，火山灰的飄落更是致使附近的農場顆粒無收。許多遇難者並未直接遭遇火山灰和岩漿，而是間接死於飢餓、溺水等。有趣的是，在1816年，空氣中高濃度的火山灰和火山氣將瑞士籠罩在了不合時宜的陰雨之下，一羣度假的文人騷客因而被迫困於室內。爲了避免無聊，他們互相發起挑戰，比賽作詩或是編寫故事。在場的一位詩人的妻子創作出了恐怖故事《科學怪人》，還有一位詩人創作出了詩篇《一個片段》——德古拉伯爵的故事正是來源於此。前者名叫瑪麗·雪萊，而後者便是拜倫勳爵。如果不是因爲千百英里外的這場火山噴發，他們可能永遠無法創作出這些舉足輕重的作品。空氣中的火山碎屑給倫敦帶來了多彩的晚霞，這一奇觀在畫家特納的畫作中得以永生。
naputina: Peru: 1600: at least 2 million: 1/3 of all Russians were killed in the ensuing famine
4.埃納普蒂納火山（所在地：祕魯，噴發時間：1600年，死亡人數：至少兩百萬人，三分之一的俄羅斯人死於火山噴發後接踵而來的大饑荒）
This immense volcano gave plenty of warning of its intent to erupt, and the population heeded this warning, hastily preparing sacrifices of young girls, pets and flowers to appease the turbulent volcano. It seemed as though the sacrifice was rejected almost immediately as the volcano belched out hot gases, even during the ceremony. A few days later the main eruption occurred and the nearby land was subject to fiery pyroclastic flows, swift-moving lahars and over 10 inches of ash-fall. Eruptions continued for the next month or so, and more than ten villages were entirely covered with ash. While only some 1,500 people died from the immediate fall-out of the volcano, Russia suffered its coldest year in six centuries the following year, which led to a famine that killed off huge numbers of the population.
這座巨型火山在噴發前向人們發出了足夠多的警告，人們也確實注意到了，急匆匆地開始準備獻祭少女、寵物和花朵以撫慰岩漿洶涌的火山。但火山似乎毫不領情，在儀式進行的過程當中就噴出了熾熱的氣體。幾天後，真正的爆發開始了。附近地區受到洶涌的火山碎屑流和火山灰泥流的侵襲，堆積起的火山灰厚度超過十英尺。這次噴發持續了一個多月，十幾個村落被完全掩埋在了火山灰下。雖然只有約1500人直接死於火山沉降物，但俄羅斯因此迎來了六個世紀以來最爲寒冷的一年。嚴寒導致的饑荒奪走了無數人的性命。orini: Greece: 1650 – 1500BC: Unknown, but believed to have wiped out the Minoans and caused a dynasty-toppling famine in China
3.聖托裏尼（所在地：希臘，噴發時間：公元前1650年到1500年，死亡人數：不詳，但據稱此次火山噴發毀滅了米諾斯文化，還在中國引發了導致王朝更替的饑荒）
This eruption occurred before reliable record-taking was introduced, but seems to have inspired a number of Greek myths and legends, including the loss of the Minoans and the fall of Atlantis. The effects of the volcano were, according to local legends, felt as far afield as Egypt and China. Even the Christian Bible mentions events like plagues and disasters that can be attributed to the effects of far-off volcanic activity in Exodus. A series of earlier eruptions resulted in the unique shape of the island nation, one fairly accurately described in Plato's writings about Atlantis. Little is known of the specifics of the eruption but it seems to have been a violent explosion, falling into the top category of the Volcanic Explosivity Index. The landscape shows signs of four successive periods of ash fall, but little else can be proven at this great remove from the eruption.
聖托裏尼火山噴發時還沒有可靠的文字記錄，但它似乎啓發了許多希臘神話和傳說，包括米諾斯文化的失落和亞特蘭蒂斯的衰亡。根據當地傳說，火山噴發所帶來的影響甚至波及到了遙遠的埃及和中國。基督教《聖經》中的《出埃及記》裏提及的一些瘟疫和災禍也是該遠古火山活動的後遺症。早先的幾次火山活動造就了希臘這個島嶼國家獨特的地理樣貌，柏拉圖有關亞特蘭蒂斯的這段文字描述得很準確。有關此次噴發事故的具體細節我們所知甚少，但看起來應該極爲猛烈，算得上是火山爆發指數等級最高的一場火山噴發。從地形中可以看出接連四次火山灰沉降的跡象，但畢竟時間太過久遠，我們難以知道更多。: Iceland: 1783: 6 million (over several countries and continents)
2.拉基火山（所在地：冰島，噴發時間：1783年，死亡人數：六百萬，波及數個國家和洲）
Iceland is known for being the land of ice and fire, and this was never made clearer than in 1783 when a fissure containing some 130 craters opened up; the result of boiling magma coming into contact with the ice cold groundwater with explosive consequences. Over the next few days the volcano changed, becoming less explosive and streaming liquid lava instead (more like the Hawaiian volcanoes). Few people (relatively speaking) were killed in the immediate aftermath of the eruption, with famine and poisoning from the harsh wind-borne gases and ash killing an inordinate amount of people who were unlucky enough to live in the lee of the volcano.
冰島素有“冰與火之島”的名號。1783年，一條形成了130個火山口的斷裂帶證明這絕非浪得虛名。沸騰的岩漿與冰冷的地下水相接觸，形成了爆炸。在之後的幾年中，火山變得不那麼具有爆炸性，而是形成了流動的液體岩漿（與夏威夷的火山十分相像）。（相對而言）較少的人死於火山噴發帶來的直接後果，而那些不幸生活在火山下風處的人們則因饑荒或是因風中有害氣體和火山灰的毒害而大批死去。Toba: Indonesia: 69,000 – 77,000 years ago, most people on earth, leaving only 10,000 or so
1.多巴湖（所在地：印度尼西亞，噴發時間：69000-77000年前，死亡人數：地球上的絕大部分人類，僅剩下約10000人）
This volcano, which is known only through the effect that it has had on the geology both nearby and on the other side of the world, is believed to have had a violent eruption, reaching an unheard of 8 on the Volcano Explosivity Index (it usually categorises a 7 as the highest possible reading). It is believed to be the largest and most severe volcano in the last 25 million years… Scientists believe that the active phase of the eruption lasted for two weeks and the dust and gases thrown up by the eruption affected global temperatures and climate for the next few years. One fact that has been fairly well agreed upon is that the eruption was so violent and intense that it completely demolished the mountain, leaving a huge crater which has, over time, filled with water transforming it into Lake Toba, 100 kilometres long, 30 kilometres wide and over 500 metres deep. There is a popular theory that the Toba explosion killed off much of the world's human population, partly supported by evidence of a 'bottleneck' in historical human genetics, but as there is no corroborating decline in the populations of other animals at the same time, this is not fully accepted by the scientific community…
關於這座火山，我們只知道它對附近及地球另一端的地質環境曾造成的巨大影響。據稱這座火山曾猛烈地噴發過，並且達到了史無前例的火山爆炸性指數8級（通常7級被規定爲可能的最大讀數）。人們相信這是在過去的兩千五百萬年中規模最大、同時也是影響最爲嚴重的一次火山噴發。科學家們相信，這次噴發事故的活躍期持續兩週，從火山口涌出的灰塵和氣體對全球氣溫和氣候的影響持續了好幾年。普遍的觀點認爲，這次噴發劇烈得將一座大山完全摧毀，留下了一個巨大的深坑，隨着時間的流逝和水分的積累，最終形成了現在100千米長、30千米寬、500多米深的多巴湖。一則流行理論認爲，多巴火山的噴發消滅了世界上大部分的人類。古人類遺傳學中一個瓶頸期的存在或多或少支持了這一理論。然而，由於同一時期其他物種的數量並未顯著減少，該理論還沒有完全被學界所接受。翻譯:李聞昱 校對:有耳陳小樹 來源:前十網
