十大傑出藝術作品不爲人知的另一面(上)
The statue of Liberty, Leaning Tower of Pisa, Eiffel Tower, Munch's The Scream, and Sphinx of Egypt are all well-known works of art. However, they have some really intriguing facts that have slipped under the radar of pop culture. Whether they're things that disappeared years ago or things that have been hiding in plain sight the whole time, there are plenty of things that we never hear about great works of art.
自由女神像、比薩斜塔、埃菲爾鐵塔、蒙克的《吶喊》，和埃及的獅身人面像，都是著名的藝術傑作。然而，它們都有一些超脫於流行文化嗅覺範疇之外引人入勝的真相。無論是已消失多年，還是自始至終隱匿於普通視線之外，有許多關於偉大藝術作品的事，我們聞所未聞。Eiffel Tower's Secret Room
10.埃菲爾鐵塔的神祕房間
The Eiffel Tower has a secret apartment hidden within its highest level. The apartment is owned by Gustave Eiffel—the engineer who designed the tower. In 1890, the year after the Eiffel Tower was opened, French writer Henri Girard, stated that Gustave Eiffel was an "object of general envy" among the citizens of Paris.
埃菲爾鐵塔有個祕密的公寓藏匿於塔的最高一層。這個房間屬於設計該塔的工程師古斯塔夫·埃菲爾所有。1890年，埃菲爾鐵塔開放之後，法國作家亨利·吉拉德（Henri Girard）曾說過，古斯塔夫·埃菲爾是巴黎市民"普遍羨慕的對象"。
This envy, according to Girard, was inspired not by the fame that Gustave gained as the creator of the tower, or the fortune the tower generated, but from the apartment he owned at the tower's top. This apartment, which only Eiffel had access to, played host to many important visitors; prominent among them was Thomas Edison. Eiffel reportedly received several substantial offers for a single night in the apartment, which had remained closed for several years, was recently opened to the public. Today, it contains mannequins of Eiffel and Edison. The lifelike wax models depicted the scene where Eiffel and his daughter Claire welcomed Edison. Also engraved on the Eiffel Tower are the names of the 72 scientists and engineers that designed it.
據吉拉德所言，這種羨慕不僅源於古斯塔夫作爲塔的締造者所獲得的名譽或財富，也源於他在塔頂所擁有的公寓。這間公寓只有埃菲爾能進入，已接待過很多貴賓，其中就包括托馬斯·愛迪生。據報道，埃菲爾曾一個晚上就在公寓裏接受過好幾個重要邀約。這間公寓在關閉了幾年後，於近期向公衆開放了。如今，裏面有埃菲爾和愛迪生的模型。這些逼真的蠟像模型勾勒出埃菲爾和他女兒克萊爾迎接愛迪生的場景。埃菲爾鐵塔上還刻有72名設計它的科學家及工程師的名字。Inspiration Behind The Scream
9.《吶喊》背後的靈感
Edvard Munch's The Scream is one of the most iconic paintings of the 20th century—so iconic it was elaborately stolen more than once. According to Munch, The Scream was inspired the day he was walking with his friends and saw that "the sky turned as red as blood," before feeling incredibly tired and hearing an "enormous infinite scream of nature." For years Munch's inspiration was thought to be imagined until it was recently discovered that the sky that day probably actually was red that day as a result of the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa in Indonesia.
愛德華·蒙克的《吶喊》是20世紀最具標誌性的畫作之一，它被精心策劃地盜竊犯盜走過不止一次。據蒙克所說，一天他和他的朋友走在路上，當看到"天空變得血紅"時他感到難以置信的疲倦，同時聽到一聲"來自大自然界的巨大尖叫聲"。多年來，蒙克的靈感被認爲是想象出來的，直到最近才被揭祕，1883年印度尼西亞的喀拉喀托火山爆發，那一日的天空可能的確是紅色的。The volcano's impact was felt as far as New York where the sky was reported to be "crimsoned." This same impact was felt in Munch's town two days later with the town newspaper stating that "People believed it was a fire: but it was actually a red refraction in the hazy atmosphere after sunset."While the terrifying scream in Munch's painting was imagined, the sky was probably not.
火山的衝擊力波及到了紐約，據報道紐約的天是"深紅色的"。兩天後，蒙克所在的小鎮感覺到了同樣的衝擊力，鎮上的報紙稱，"人們以爲那是一團火：但實際上那是日落後在朦朧的空氣中反射出的紅色。"也許孟克的畫裏那可怕的尖叫聲是想象出來的，而天空應該不是想象出來的吧。Leaning Tower Of Pisa's Unknown Architect
8.比薩斜塔的匿名建築師
Also known as Torre Pendente di Pisa, the Leaning Tower of Pisa doubles as both a monument and a mystery. While the reason for its rather distinctive leaning is well-known (it has a weak foundation), no one knows who designed it.
比薩斜塔在意大利語裏也叫做Torre Pendente di Pisa,既是一座紀念碑也是一個奇蹟。儘管，它與衆不同的傾斜原因盡人皆知（它的地基不牢），而它的設計者卻名不見經傳。The Tower was originally meant to be a stand-alone bell tower (or campanile) for the city of Pisa's cathedral. Such towers were common in 10th-century Italy as they were believed to symbolize how powerful and wealthy the town was. The leaning tower of Pisa, however, was built to attract people to the cathedral in major reason why no one knows who designed the tower is because the tower took almost 200 years to complete. Historians used to think the tower was designed by Bonanno Pisano, but this is disputed. An architect named Diotisalvi is seen as the more likely person to have designed the tower because he designed the city's baptistery and the San Nicola Bell Tower.
最初，塔是爲比薩市的天主教堂而建造的一個獨立鐘樓（亦稱獨立鐘塔）。這種塔在10世紀的意大利很普遍，它們被認爲是所在鎮子的權力與財富的象徵。然而，建造比薩斜塔是爲了吸引人們來到天主教堂。無人知曉塔的設計者，主要是因爲塔的建造完成幾乎花費了二百年。歷史學家們曾認爲，塔是由博南諾·皮薩諾設計的，但這一觀點是有爭議的。因設計了城市的洗禮堂和聖尼古拉鐘樓，一位名爲迪奧提莎維的人被認爲最有可能是比薩斜塔的設計者。Chain At The Foot Of The Statue Of Liberty
7.自由女神像腳下的鎖鏈
In 2011, when asked what the Statue of Liberty symbolized, former Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin said, "It is, of course, the symbol for Americans to be reminded of other countries because this was gifted us, of course, by the French—other countries warning us to never make the mistakes that some of them had made." Unfortunately, Sarah Palin was totally wrong, as she stated the exact opposite of what Lady Liberty represents. And just like Palin, many people do not know of the statue's connection to slavery.
2011年，當被問及自由女神像象徵什麼，阿拉斯加州前州長莎拉·帕丁說，"她當然是作爲美國人的象徵而被別國的人們所記起，她當然象徵着拜法國人的賜予——警醒着我們永遠不要重蹈他們的覆轍。不幸的是，莎拉·帕丁完全錯了，她所說的與自由女神所代表的真正含義恰恰相反。和帕丁一樣，許多人並不知道這座雕像與奴隸制的關聯。Edouard de Laboulaye, a famous French politician and abolitionist, is the man behind the Statue of Liberty. He was a firm backer of President Lincoln, who was fighting for the abolition of slavery. The statue was not a gift to warn the United States as Palin had stated. Instead, it was a gift to honor and celebrate freedom, democracy, and the end of all forms of servitude. That is why Lady Liberty has a broken chain at her foot. The chain is usually invisible to tourists because it is beneath her robe by the side of her left foot and can only be seen from the top.
著名的法國政治家和廢奴主義者愛德華·德·拉布萊伊纔是站在自由女神像背後的人。他是爲廢奴而鬥爭的林肯總統的鐵槓支持者。這座雕像不像帕丁所說的是警醒美國的禮物，相反地，它是慶祝自由、民主和所有奴役的終結，並以之爲榮的禮物。這便是自由女神的腳下有條斷鏈的原因。由於斷鏈位於女神的左腳邊，被袍子覆蓋着，所以通常情況下游客是看不見的，只有從頂端才能發現。Sphinx's Missing Beard
6.獅身人面像遺失的鬍鬚
The Sphinx was not originally constructed with a beard. Instead, it was attached long after it was constructed. It was added probably to relate the Sphinx with Horemakhet—one of the Egyptian gods. It may also have been intended for the Sphinx take after the Egyptian pharaohs, who often wore artificial beards as a symbol of authority, and to associate them with the god Osiris.
獅身人面像在最初建造時並沒有鬍鬚，而是建好後粘上去的，有可能是爲了把獅身人面像與埃及神之一赫魯埃姆阿克特神聯繫起來，也可能是想讓獅身人面像仿效經常戴着象徵權威的假鬍子的埃及法老，並將他們與奧西里斯(古埃及神話中的地獄判官)聯繫起來。One-thirtieth of the beard is currently in the British museum. It was presented to the museum by the Italian Egyptologist Giovanni Caviglia, who excavated parts of the Sphinx in 1817, when it was almost completely covered in sand. Several other parts of the Sphinx's beard were also found between 1925 and 1926 when sand was excavated from the Sphinx again.
鬍鬚的三十分之一目前陳列在大英博物館。它是意大利的埃及古物學家喬瓦尼·卡維利亞提供給博物館的，他於1817年將完全掩埋在沙子裏的獅身人面像部分挖掘出來。獅身人面像鬍鬚的其他部分也在1925年到1926年間被找到，當時沙子已再次覆蓋了獅身人面像。翻譯：豬立葉 來源：前十網
