盤點:美國任期最短的十位總統(雙語組圖)

Some presidents seem to have far too long in the Whitehouse, but some have had so little time that they were barely able to fulfill their duties. This is a list of the ten shortest presidencies in US history.

一些總統看來霸佔白宮的時間那個長啊，但是有些人的任期短到還沒達成使命就下臺了。下面就是美國十位任期最短的總統。

10. John Tyler, 1,430 Days

In Office: April 4, 1841—March 4, 1845

在位：1841年4月4日——1845年3月4日

Served the remainder of William Harrison's term. Denied renomination by the Whigs, Tyler flirted with the Liberty Party, but was persuaded not to run by the Democrats (his former party). Tyler's presidency was rarely taken seriously in his time. He was usually referred to as the “Acting President” or “His Accidency” by opponents. Further, Tyler quickly found himself at odds with his former political supporters.

Tyler繼William Harrison後擔任美國總統。遭輝格黨開除黨籍，之後與自由黨關係密切，但是又被勸說不要加入民主黨（他曾經的黨派）。Tyler的總統角色在他人生中並不出彩。他通常被稱作是“代理總統”或被對手稱作“碰巧總統”。另外，Tyler很快發現他和之前政治上的支持者想法相悖。

9. Andrew Johnson, 1,419 Days

In Office: April 15, 1865—March 4, 1869

在位： 1865年4月15日——1869年3月4日

Served the remainder of Lincoln's term. Sought the Democratic nomination in 1868, but was unsuccessful. Johnson had an ambiguousparty status. He attempted to build up a party of loyalists under the National Union label, but he did not identify with either of the two main parties while President—though he did try for the Democratic nomination in 1868. Asked in 1868 why he did not become a Democrat, he said “It is true I am asked why don't I join the Democratic party. Why don't they join me…if I have administered the office of president so well?”

Johnson繼Lincoln接任美國總統。在1868年尋求民主黨提名，但是未能成功。Johnson的黨派一直模棱兩可。他曾嘗試打着民族聯盟的旗號建立一個反對獨立的黨派，但是在他在位期間，他並未明確自己從屬兩個主要黨派中的哪個--儘管他在1868年嘗試讓民主黨提名他繼任。當別人問他爲什麼1868年他沒有成爲民主黨人，他說：“問我爲什麼不加入民主黨是對的。如果我將美國管理的很出色，爲什麼他們不和我統一戰線？”

8. Chester A Arthur, 1,262 Days

In Office: September 19, 1881—March 4, 1885

在位：1881年9月19日——1885年3月4日

Served the remainder of Garfield's term. Sought a full term, but was not re-nominated. The Arthur Administration enacted the first general Federal immigration law. Arthur approved a measure in 1882 excluding paupers, criminals, and the mentally ill. Congress also suspended Chinese immigration for ten years with the Chinese Exclusion Act, later making the restriction permanent.

繼Garfield，Arthur擔任了美國總統。他希望能完成任期，但是沒有再被提名。亞瑟政府頒佈了第一部移民法典。Arthur在1882年通過了排斥移民、罪犯和精神有問題的人的措施。國會也通過《排華法案》禁止中國移民長達10年，而後，該限制改成了永久制。

7. John F Kennedy, 1,036 Days

In Office: January 20, 1961—November 22, 1963

在位：1961年1月20日——1963年11月22日

Assassinated in his first term. John F. Kennedy was sworn in as the 35th President at noon on January 20, 1961. In his inauguraladdress he spoke of the need for all Americans to be active citizens, famously saying, “Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.” He also asked the nations of the world to join together to fight what he called the “common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself.”

John F Kennedy在其的任期內遇刺身亡。他在1961年1月20日中午宣誓就任美國第35任總統。在他的就職演說中，他提到所有美國人都要活躍起來，他的名言是“不要問你的國家能爲你做些什麼；問問你自己能爲祖國做什麼貢獻。”他也呼籲全世界所有國家一同打擊他所說的：“人類共同的敵人：暴政、貧窮、疾病和戰爭。”

6. Millard Fillmore,969 Days

In Office: July 9, 1850 —March 4, 1853

在位：1850年7月9日——1853年3月4日

Served the remainder of Taylor's term. Sought the Whig nomination in 1852, but lost to Winfield Scott. Four years later, ran again (as a Know Nothing) and came in third. As president, Fillmore dealt with increasing party divisions within the Whig party; party harmony became one of his primary objectives. He tried to unite the party by pointing out the differences between the Whigs and the Democrats (by proposing tariff reforms that negatively reflected on the Democratic Party). Another primary objective of Fillmore was to preserve the Union from the intensifying slavery debate.

Taylor之後的又一位總統。1852年尋求輝格黨提名，但是敗給了Winfield Scott。四年後，捲土重來。作爲總統，Fillmore處理輝格黨的黨派紛爭；黨派和諧成爲他的首要目標。他嘗試通過指出輝格黨和民主黨（通過計劃關稅改革來對民主黨進行負面影響）的區別來團結黨派。另一個Fillmore的主要目標就是防止協會奴隸爭論激烈化。

5. Gerald Ford, 895 Days

In Office: August 9, 1974 — January 20, 1977

在位：1974年8月9日——1977年1月20日

Served the remainder of Nixon's term. Not elected for full term. In foreign policy, the Helsinki Accords marked a move toward detente in the Cold War, even as the former ally South Vietnam was invaded and conquered by North Vietnam; Ford did not intervene, but did help extract friends of the U.S. At home, the economy suffered from inflation and recession. Ford came under intense criticism for granting a preemptive pardon to President Richard Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal.

繼Nixon後，Ford繼位。未能完成完整任期。對於外交政策，Helsinki Accords見證了冷戰趨於緩和，正如前聯盟南越南被北越南入侵且佔領；Ford並未干涉，但是他確實幫助了一些美國的親密國家。而國內，經濟正遭受通貨膨脹和衰退。Ford在無條件赦免因“水門醜聞”而下臺的前總統Richard Nixon的事件上受到了嚴重批評。

4. Warren G Harding ,881 Days

In Office: March 4, 1921— August 2, 1923

在位：1921年3月4日——1923年8月2日

Died in his first term. In April 1921, speaking before a joint session of congress he called for peacemaking with Germany and Austria, emergency tariffs, new immigration laws, regulation of radio and trans cable communications retrenchment in government, tax reduction, repeal of wartime excess profits tax, reduction of railroad rates, promotion of agricultural interests, a national budget system, a great merchant marine and a department of public welfare.

Harding在他的任期內去世。在1921年4月，國會的聯合議會前，他做出了對於調解德國和奧地利的關係、緊急關稅、新移民法、關稅下降、撤銷戰時過分利得稅、減少鐵路稅，提高農業收入、國家預算系統、國家商船隊和公共福利部門等事務的呼籲。

3. Zachary Taylor, 491 Days

In Office: March 4, 1849—July 9, 1850

在位：1849年3月4日——1850年7月9日

Died in his first term. Did not take the oath of office until March 5, 1849, because March 4th fell on a Sunday and Taylor declined to take the oath on Sunday because of his religious beliefs. The slavery issue dominated Taylor's short term. Although he owned slaves, he took a moderate stance on the territorial expansion of slavery, angering fellow Southerners. Taylor urged settlers in New Mexico and California to draft constitutions and apply for statehood, bypassing the territorial stage. New Mexico was too small to act but California — which had high population growth from the gold rush — wrote a constitution that did not allow slavery; it was approved by the voters and a new state government took over in December 1849 without Congressional approval.

Taylor在他的任期內去世。Taylor直到1849年3月5日才宣誓就職，因爲他的宗教信仰，他拒絕在週日（3月4日）進行宣誓。在Taylor不長的任期內，奴隸問題一直干擾着他。雖然他自己也有奴隸，但是他對奴隸土地擴張始終保持中立姿態，惹惱了南方人。Taylor敦促新墨西哥和加利福尼亞起草憲法，並進行運用，越過領土問題。新墨西哥太小以至於無法執行，但是加州--因淘金熱造成人口密集--撰寫了一份不允許使用奴隸的憲法；1849年12月，該憲法由投票人選舉通過，無需國會批准，由新的州立政府接管。

2. James A Garfield, 199 Days

In Office: March 4, 1881 —September 19, 1881

在位：1881年3月4日—1881年9月19日

Assassinated within less than a year of his first term. Between his election and his inauguration, Garfield was occupied with constructing a cabinet that would balance all Republican factions. He was shot by Charles Julius Guiteau, disgruntled by failed efforts to secure a federal post, on July 2, 1881, at 9:30 a.m., less than four months after taking office.

在他就任的第一年內被暗殺。在他被選舉和宣誓就職之間，Garfield致力於創建內閣以平衡所有共和黨的小派別。他被謀官未成的Charles Julius Guiteau於1881年7月2日上午9點30分槍殺，這離他就職不到四個月。

1. William Henry Harrison, 31 Days

In Office: March 4, 1841 —April 4, 1841

在位：1841年3月4日——1841年4月4日

Died within a month of his first term. Harrison only had time for one official act: calling Congress into a special session, which he set to begin on May 31, 1841. He and Whig leader Henry Clay had disagreed over the necessity of the special session (which Harrison opposed, but Clay desired in order to immediately get his economic agenda underway), but Clay's powerful position in both the legislature and the Whig Party quickly forced Harrison to give in. Harrison was the first president to die in office.

就職的第一個月內離世。Harrison僅僅參與過一次官方活動：1841年5月31日開始召集國會開展特別會議。他和輝格黨領導人Henry Clay對於特別會議的必要性產生分歧（Harrison反對，但是Clay爲了使他的經濟議程順利進行希望會議儘快進行），但是Clay在立法機構和輝格黨的有利地位迫使Harrison讓步。Harrison是首個在職時去世的總統。