雙語閱讀：這些關於性別的表達你真的知道麼

摘要：她一頭棕色長卷發，性感動人，令(美國)時尚雜誌《名利場》7月的封面變得熠熠奪目;她就是今年65歲的凱特琳•詹納，原名布魯斯•詹納，美國前奧運冠軍、電視名人;他還是美國真人秀(《與卡戴珊姐妹同行》)明星金•卡戴珊的繼父，不過現在應該稱爲“繼母”。 自今年4月完成變性手術後，這是她首次以女性的身份參與拍攝工作。

A gorgeous woman with long wavy brown hair gracesthe cover of the forthcoming July issue of glossymagazine Vanity Fair. Meet Caitlyn Jenner, 65, a USOlympic athlete and TV personality formerly knownas Bruce Jenner. Jenner, US reality television starKim Kardashian’s stepmother and former stepfather,is one of the stars in reality TV show Keeping UpWith the Kardashians. But this was the first time shehas been photographed as a woman since she cameout as transgender in April.

Jenner’s coming-out is a big moment in US pop culture history. As Western countries like theUS have become more socially liberal, transgender people have become less marginalized. Sohow can you talk about transgender people and related issues without being offensive?GLAAD, a US organization aiming to improve representation of those who identify as LGBT(lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender) in the media, offers guidelines.

她一頭棕色長卷發，性感動人，令(美國)時尚雜誌《名利場》7月的封面變得熠熠奪目;她就是今年65歲的凱特琳•詹納，原名布魯斯•詹納，美國前奧運冠軍、電視名人;他還是美國真人秀(《與卡戴珊姐妹同行》)明星金•卡戴珊的繼父，不過現在應該稱爲“繼母”。 自今年4月完成變性手術後，這是她首次以女性的身份參與拍攝工作。

詹納的出現是美國流行文化史上的一個重要時刻。隨着美國等西方國家社會自由度的不斷提高，跨性別者(變性人)越來越少受到排斥。當談論到跨性別者或與其相關的話題時，如何表達才能不冒犯到他人?美國一家致力於爲LGBT(同性戀、雙性戀與跨性別者)人羣發聲的組織GLAAD給出瞭如下建議：

Basic concepts

基本概念

Gender Identity

性別認同

One’s deeply held sense of one’s gender. For transgender people, their own gender identitydoes not match their sex. Most people have a gender identity of male or female. For somepeople, gender identity does not fit neatly into these two choices.

性別認同指每個人對自己性別根深蒂固的認識。跨性別者即自我性別認同與生理性別不匹配。大部分人的性別認同不是男性就是女性，但也有一些人對自己的性別認同超出了男女的範圍。

Gender Expression

性別表達

External manifestations of gender expressed through one’s name, pronouns, clothing, haircut,behavior, voice, or body characteristics. Society identifies these cues as masculine andfeminine. Typically, transgender people seek to make their gender expression align with theirgender identity, rather than the sex they were born as.

外在的性別表達包括：姓名、稱呼、穿着、髮型、行爲舉止、聲音以及身體特徵。而社會(性別)身份則分爲男性化或女性化。而跨性別者則力圖讓性別表達與性別認同，而非生理性別相一致。

Sexual Orientation

性取向

Describes a person’s enduring physical and romantic attraction to another person. Genderidentity and sexual orientation are not the same. Transgender people may be straight,lesbian, gay, or bisexual. For example, a person who transits from male to female and isattracted solely to men would identify as a straight woman.

性取向指一個人在情感與生理上對他人的持久的吸引。性取向與性別認同並不完全相同。跨性別者可能是異性戀、同性戀或雙性戀。比如，一個人從男性變爲女性，但依舊對男性情有獨鍾，那麼她就是女性異性戀者。

Transgender

跨性別者

An umbrella term for people whose gender identity and/or gender expression differs from whatis typically associated with the sex they were born as. Some undergo medical procedures orsurgery to change their bodies. But not all transgender people can or will take those steps,and a transgender identity is not dependent upon medical procedures.

跨性別者是對性別認同與性別表達中至少有一項與天生生理性別不一致人羣的統稱。有些人通過藥物或手術治療改變生理性別，但並非所有的跨性別者都能夠或願意接受這一改變。同時，跨性別認同並不取決於是否接受變性治療。

Transgender man

變性人(女變男)

People who are born female but identify and live as a man may use this term to describethemselves. They may shorten it to “trans man”. Some may also use FTM, an abbreviation forfemale-to-male. Some may prefer to simply be called men, without any modifier. It is best toask which term an individual prefers. The term’s exact opposite is “transgender woman” or“trans woman”. But take note that transgender women are not cross-dressers or drag queens are men, typically gay men, who dress like women for the purpose ofentertainment. Do not use the word “transvestite” at all, unless someone specifically self-identifies that way.

變性人(女變男)指生爲女性，但性別認同爲男性，並以男性身份生活的人們，英文也可縮寫爲“transman”，或FTM(女變男)。有些人更希望人們直接稱呼他們“男人”，不加任何修飾語。當然，稱呼前最好詢問一下他們的個人偏好。與這個詞相對的則是“(男變女)變性人”，英文簡稱“trans woman”。不過，一定要注意將他們和“異裝者”或“變裝皇后”區別開。後者指爲了娛樂效果，扮女裝的男性(尤其是男同性戀者)。同時，也要避免使用“異裝癖”這個詞，除非被稱呼者本人也如此認爲。