中英雙語話史記 第134期:民國初期

The Republic of China

中華民國

Early Republic

民國初期

On January 1, 1912, Sun officially declared the Republic of China and was inaugurated in Nanjing as the first provisional president.

1912年1月1日，孫中山正是宣佈中華民國成立，並在南京就職第一任臨時大總統。

But power in Beijing already had passed to the Commander-in-Chief of the imperial army and Qing prime minister, Yuan Shikai, the strongest regional military leader at the time.

然而此時北京清政府的權利已經轉移到帝國軍隊總司令兼清總理袁世凱手中，袁世凱是當時最大的軍閥，他要求中國各政黨應該集中到他領導的北京政府下。

To prevent civil war and possible foreign intervention from undermining the infant republic, agreed to Yuar’s demand that China be united under a Beijing government headed by Yuan.

爲了防止內戰和潛在外國干預對新生的共和國造成破壞，孫中山答應了袁世凱的要求。

On February 12, 1912, the last Manchu emperor, the child Puyi, abdicated.

1912年2月12日，末代皇帝溥儀退位。

On March 10, in Beijing, Yuan Shikai was sworn in as the second provisional president of the Republic of China.

3月10日，袁世凱在北京宣誓就任中華民國第二任臨時大總統。

The republic that Sun Yat-sen and his associates envisioned evolved slowly.

與孫中山和他的同仁們預想的相反，民主共和推進緩慢。

The revolutionists lacked an army, and the power of Yuan Shikai began to outstrip that of parliament.

革命者缺少一支軍隊，袁世凱的力量開始超過議會。

Yuan reused the constitution at will and became dictatorial.

他恣意重啓封建律法，成爲了一個獨裁者。

In August 1912 the Kuomintang (KMT, Nationalist Party) was founded by Song Jiaoren, one of Sun’s associates.

1912年8月，孫中山的同仁宋教仁成立了國民黨。

It was an amalgamation of small political groups, including Sun’s Tongmeng Hui.

它融合了很多小政治團體，包括孫中山的同盟會。

In the national elections held in February 1913 for the new bicameral parliament, Song campaigned against the Yuan administration, and his party won a majority of seats.

在1913年2月舉行的新兩院制國會選舉中，宋教仁反對袁世凱的領導，國民黨也贏得了多數席位。

Yuan had Song assassinated in March; he had already arranged the assassination of several pro-revolutionist generals.

袁世凱在3月派人暗殺了宋教仁，在此之前他已經組織了針對幾個改革派將領的暗殺。

Animosity toward Yuan grew.

針對袁世凱的不滿由此不斷增加。

In the summer of 1913 seven southern provinces rebelled against Yuan.

在1913年夏，南方7省共同反對袁世凱統治。

When the rebellion was suppressed， Sun and other instigators fled to Japan.

在被鎮壓後，孫中山和其他策動者逃往日本。

In October 1913 an intimidated parliament formally elected Yuan president of the Republic of China, and the major powers extended recognition to his government.

1913年10月，袁世凱恐嚇議會，當選共和國大總統，主要權利由議會轉移到他的政府。

To achieve international recognition, Yuan Shikai had to agree to autonomy for Outer Mongolia and Tibet.

爲了獲得國際認可，袁世凱不得不同意蒙古和西藏的自治。

China was still to be suzerain, but it would have to allow Russia a free hand in Outer Mongolia and mongolia and Britain continuance of its influence in Tibet.

雖然中國擁有這些土地的主權，但無力阻止俄羅斯對外蒙古、內蒙古的控制和英國對西藏延續的影響。

In November Yuan Shikai, legally president, ordered the KMT dissolved and its members removed from parliament.

11月，總統袁世凱下令解散國民黨，將其成員踢出議會。

Within a few months, he suspended parliament and the provincial assemblies and forced the promulgation of a new constitution, which, in effect, made him president for life.

在幾個月內，他暫停議會和訾議會，並強行頒佈新憲法，自己擔任終生總統一職。

By the end of 1915, Yuan declared himself emperor.

1915年底，袁世凱稱帝。

Widespread rebellions ensued, and numerous provinces declared independence.

這引起了來自各界的反對，很多省份宣佈獨立。

With opposition at every quarter and the nation breaking up into warlord factions, Yuan Shikai died of natural causes in June 1916, deserted by his lieutenants.

戰亂四起，軍閥割據，袁世凱被他的助手拋棄，於1916年去世。