中英雙語話歷史 第36期:漢朝(農民起義)
In 184, the Yellow Turban Rebellion occurred, which was a peasant rebellion against the Eastern Han Dynasty in the reign of Emperor Ling. It was named for the color of the scarves which the rebels wore around their heads.
Since the rebels were associated with secret Taiping Taoist societies, the rebellion also marked an important event in the history of Taoism.
起義者與太平教（一個祕密道教組織)關係密切，爲此黃巾起義也是道教發展史上的重要事件。After the death of Du Wu, Emperor Ling became a puppet manipulated by eunuchs.
竇武死後,靈帝成爲宦官的傀儡。
In order to secure the throne, he tried to please eunuchs, going so far as to refer to one of them as his father.
爲了保住自己的皇位,靈帝極力討好宦官，竟稱宦官爲父親。Thus, the eunuchs extorted money from the people unscrupulously.
宦官們更是肆無忌憚的搜刮民財。The corrupt imperial court, the landlords’ oppression along with the successive natural disasters made it impossible for the people to live on, so many of them rose up to revolt.
朝廷的腐敗，地主豪強的壓迫，再加上接二連三的天災，百姓沒法生活下去，被迫起來反抗。At the end of the Eastern Han, Zhang Jiao of Julu (modern Pingxiang in Hebei Province) established a secret Taoist sect — Tai Ping Dao , declaring himself to be Great Teacher. He traveled around the country propagating his faith and dispensing free treatment to the sick.
東漢末年，鉅鹿（今河北平鄉）人張角創太平道，自稱大賢良師，在各地傳教，並免費給窮人看病。In ten year or so, Tai Ping Dao spread more than half the country, and enlisted several hundreds of thousands of followers.
十餘年間，太平道傳遍了大半個中國，各地信徒發展到幾十萬人。In order to start up rebellion, Zhang Jiao divided the whole country into 36fang (section) with a bigger consisting of more than 100 000 persons and a smaller one 6 000 ~ 7 000.
爲了發動起義，張角全國分爲三十六方，大方有10000餘人，小方 6 000?7 000人。Meanwhile he brought forward a slogan, “The Blue Sky has perished, the Yellow Sky will soon rise； in this year of Jia Zi (i. e. , the year 184), let there be prosperity in the world !”（ Blue Sky was referred to the Eastern Han and Yellow Heaven to the Yellow Turbans), which was an obvious call for peasants uprising a-gainst the Eastern Han court.
張角又提出口號：“蒼天已死，黃天當立，歲在甲子，天下大吉。” (“蒼天”指東漢王朝，“黃天”指太平道），用來鼓動廣大農民起來革命。He also sent Ma Yuanyi, to the Capital Luoyang and other places to see that everything was in order.
同時派馬元義到京師洛陽和各地查看起義準備情況。The uprising had been set on March the fifth, 184, but had to be launched in February ahead of schedule, for the betrayer, Tang Zhou, informed against the Yellow Turbans.
張角原定於公元184年3月5日起義。可是由於叛徒唐周告密，決定提前於2月間起義。Zhang Jiao called himself ‘‘Heavenly General”，his younger broth-ers Zhang Bao, “General of the Earth” and Zhang Liang, “General of AAen”，who assisted him in the rebellion.
張角自稱“天公將軍”，其弟張寶稱“地公將軍”，張樑稱“人公將軍”。In less than a month, the movement took hold with people responding from all over the country, and the uprising progressed rapidly.
不到一個月的時間，各地民衆紛紛響應，起義浪潮迅速席捲全國。The peasant uprising shocked the imperial court.
黃巾起義後，漢靈帝和宦官們十分恐慌。On one hand，Emperor Ling mustered troops to defend the capital; on the other hand，he appointed generals Huangpu Song, Zhu Jun and Lu Zhi to attack the Yellow Turban forces.
他們一面調集軍隊，保衛京師洛陽；一面以皇甫嵩、朱雋、盧植爲中郎將，率軍進攻黃巾軍。Huangpu Song and Zhu Jun had an army of 40 000. In the attack on Ying-chuan, Zhu Jun was defeated, while Huangpu Song was besieged in Changshe (modern Changge in Henan Province).
皇甫嵩和朱雋共有4000萬餘人，在進攻潁川黃巾時，朱雋被擊敗，皇甫嵩被圍困在長社(今河南長葛）城中。With the help of reinforcements, they conquered the Yellow Turbans, slaughtering tens of thousands of rebels.
後來他們得到支援，大敗黃巾軍，屠殺起義農民有數萬之多。The imperial court had dispatched Lu Zhi to fight against Zhang Jiao, yet the attack yielded no victory.
朝廷派盧植進攻張角，結果大敗。Then the unsuccessful Lu Zhi was replaced by Dong Zhuo, who also suffered a failure.
朝廷撤了盧植的職，另派董卓進攻張角，亦被張角打敗。Finally, Huangpu Song was moved to attack Zhang Jiao.
朝廷再調皇甫嵩進攻張角。At that time, Zhang Jiao died of illness, and the rebellious army was led by Zhang Liang and Zhang Bao.
此時，張角病死，起義軍由張樑和張寶率領。Huangpu Song sprang a surprise attack put more than 80 000 insurgents, including Zhang Liang, out of action.
皇甫嵩用偷襲的辦法打敗了黃巾軍，張樑戰死,黃巾軍英勇犧牲的有80000 多人。The Y Turbans retreated to Xiaquyang(the west of modem Jinxian County in Hebei), only to suffer another defeats when encountered with Huangpu ’ s army there. Zhang Bao was killed in the battle, and several hundred thousand of his men were killed, wounded or captured.
起義軍退至下曲陽（河北晉縣西），皇甫嵩再行進攻，張寶戰死，所部死傷被俘的有十餘萬人。After nearly nine months of fierce battles, the main force of the Yellow Turban Army was wiped out, but the flame of peasants uprisings were far from extinguished. Many armed insurgent units kept on fighting.
經過近9個月的激戰，黃巾軍的主力已基本被消滅，可是革命的烈火卻已經燃燒起來了，各地的鬥爭前赴後繼。By 192, there were still 300 000 or more Yellow Turbans operating in present-day Shandong.
至192年，還有30多萬黃巾軍在今山東地區活動。Thirteen years later, the Heishan (Black Hill) Army in central-south Hebei still numbered upwards of 100000.
13年後河北中南部的黑山軍亦有部衆10萬人。Despite the failure of the Yellow Turban uprising, it shook the Eastern Han Dynasty regime to its foundations. Its days were numbered.
黃巾起義雖然失敗了，但卻動搖了東漢政權的統治基礎，其滅亡已是指曰可待。As a result of the Yellow Turbans, northern China was devastated, and the military leaders were prepared for the struggle among the warlords.
由於黃巾起義，北方地區遭受到巨大的破壞，各地豪強擁兵自重，相互爭鬥。When Emperor Ling died in 189, Empress Dowager He took over regency, in-stalling Lingdi’s young son 13-year-old Liu Bian as emperor.
公元189年，靈帝駕崩，何太后臨朝，立靈帝13歲的兒子劉辯爲帝。He Jin, brother of the Empress Dowager, thought that the time had come to get rid of eunuchs definitely, and in order not to repeat the failure of 168，he invited Dong Zhuo to command his troops to enter and garrison in the capital Luoyang.
何太后的哥哥何進認爲清除宦官的時機已到。爲避免重蹈公元168年之覆轍，何進邀董卓率兵進駐洛陽。However, the information was leaked to the eunuchs, who acted first and had He Jin killed.
不料走漏了消息，何進先爲宦官所殺。The powerful eu-nuchs being without military support, Yuan Shao and his brother Yuan Shu broke into the palace with their forces and killed more than 2 000 eunuchs.
但是太監並無兵權，袁紹和其弟袁術率兵人宮，誅殺2000多名太監。Not long after that, Dong Zhuo entered Luoyang, who deposed Emperor Shao and put Liu Xie, Xiandi on the throne.
不久，董卓率兵人洛陽，廢少帝劉辯，立劉協爲帝，是爲漢獻帝。By intimidation and brutal force, Dong Zhuo gained his own position at the court ensured, while most men of rank had left the capital.
董卓獨攬大權，殘暴專橫，多數大臣已離開京城。Bureaucratic official throughout the country launched punitive expeditions against Dong one after another, and the situation of separatist warlord regime came into being eventually. The Eastern Han Dynasty endured only nominally and soon gave way to the Three Kingdoms.
各地官吏紛紛舉兵討伐董卓,逐步形成了諸強割據的局面，統一的王朝已名存實亡，魏蜀 吳三國鼎立局面很快形成。
