託福閱讀TPO3(試題+答案+譯文)第1篇:Arch託福閱讀TPO3(試題+答案+譯文)第1篇:Architecture
爲了幫助大家備考託福。提高閱讀成績，打有準備的仗，下面小編給大家帶來託福閱讀TPO3(試題+答案+譯文)第1篇:Architecture建築，希望大家喜歡。
託福閱讀原文
Architecture is theart and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space forpractical and symbolic purposes. Because architecture grows out of human needsand aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of all the visualarts, architecture affects our lives most directly for it determines thecharacter of the human environment in major ways.
Architecture is athree-dimensional form. It utilizes space, mass, texture, line, light, andcolor. To be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with avariety of elements. Humans instinctively seek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of life. It is the work of architects to createbuildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration anddelight. Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrichspace, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economically feasible.The client who pays for the building and defines its function is an importantmember of the architectural team. The mediocre design of many contemporarybuildings can be traced to both clients and architects.
In order for thestructure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose,architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based onphysical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them—even while building materials havechanged dramatically.Theworld’s architecturalstructures have also beendevisedin relation to the objectivelimitations of materials. Structures can be analyzed in terms of how they dealwith downward forces created by gravity. They are designed to withstand theforces of compression (pushing together), tension (pulling apart), bending, ora combination of these in different parts of the structure.
Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. Materials andmethods of construction are integralparts of the design of architecturestructures. In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systemssuitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick.Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent newbuilding materials to suit the type of structure desired. Enormous changes inmaterials and techniques of construction within the last few generations havemade it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with aminimum of material. Progress in this area can be measured by the difference inweight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built onehundred years ago.
Modernarchitectural forms generally have three separate components comparable toelements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skinenclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems. Theequipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, andair-conditioning. Of course in early architecture—suchas igloos and adobe structures—there was no suchequipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one.
Much of the world’s great architecture has beenconstructed of stone because of its beauty, permanence, and availability. Inthe past, whole cities grew from thearduoustask of cutting and pilingstone upon. Some of the world’s finest stonearchitecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchuhigh in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru. Thedoorways andwindowsare made possible by placing over the open spaces thick stone beamsthat support the weight from above. A structural invention had to be madebefore the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and newarchitectural forms could be created. That invention was the arch, a curvedstructure originally made of separate stone or brick segments. The arch wasused by the early cultures of the Mediterranean area chiefly for undergrounddrains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensivelyin aboveground structures. Roman builders perfected the semicircular arch madeof separate blocks of stone. As a method of spanning space, the arch cansupport greater weight than a horizontal beam. It works in compression todivert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne by thevertical elements on either side of the arch. The arch is among the manyimportant structural breakthroughs that have characterized architecturethroughout the centuries.
託福閱讀試題
1. According toparagraph 1, all of the following statements about architecture are true EXCEPT:
A.Architecture isvisual art.
B.Architecturereflects the cultural values of its creators.
C.Architecture hasboth artistic and scientific dimensions.
D.Architecture hasan indirect effect on life.
2. The word “feasible”in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to
A.in existence
B.without question
C.achievable
D.most likely
3. The word “enhance”in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning to
A.protect
B.improve
C.organize
D.match
4. Which of thesentences below best expresses the essential information in thehighlightedsentencein the passage (paragragh 3) ? Incorrect choices change themeaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A.Unchangingphysical laws have limited the size and strength of buildings that can be madewith materials discovered long ago.
B.Buildingmaterials have changed in order to increase architectural size and strength,but physical laws of structure have not changed.
C.When people firststarted to build, the structural methods used to provide strength and size wereinadequate because they were not based on physical laws.
D.Unlike buildingmaterials, the methods of support used in architecture have not changed overtime because they are based on physical laws.
5. The word “devised”in the passage (paragragh 3) is closest in meaning to
A.combined
B.created
C.introduced
D.suggested
6. The word “integral”(paragraph 4) is closest in meaning to
A.essential
B.variable
C.practical
D.independent
7. According toparagraph 4, which of the following is true about materialsused in theconstruction of buildings?
A.Because newbuilding materials are hard to find, construction techniques have changed verylittle from past generations.
B.The availabilityof suitable building materials no longer limits the types of structures thatmay be built.
C.The primarybuilding materials that are available today are wood, stone, and brick.
D.Architects inearlier times did not have enough building materials to enclose large spaces.
8. In paragraph 4,what does the author imply about modern buildings?
A.They occupy muchless space than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.
B.They are not verydifferent from the building of a few generations ago.
C.They weigh lessin relation to their size than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.
D.They take a longtime to build as a result of their complex construction methods.
9. Which of thefollowing correctly characterizes the relationship between the human body andarchitecture that is described in paragraph 5?
A.Complex equipmentinside buildings is the one element in modern architecture that resembles acomponent of the human body.
B.The components inearly buildings were similar to three particular elements of the human body.
C.Modern buildingshave components that are as likely to change as the human body is.
D.In general,modern buildings more closely resemble the human body than earlier buildingsdo.
10. The word “arduous”in the passage (paragraph 6) is closest in meaning to
A.difficult
B.necessary
C.skilled
D.shared
11. Why does theauthor include a description of how the “doorways and windows”(paragraph 6) ofMachu Picchu were constructed?
A.To indicate thatthe combined skeletons and skins of the stone buildings of Machu Picchu weresimilar to igloos and adobe structures
B.To indicate thedifferent kinds of stones that had to be cut to build Machu Picchu
C.To provide anillustration of the kind of construction that was required before arches wereinvented
D.To explain howancient builders reduced the amount of time necessary to construct buildingsfrom stone
12. According toparagraph 6, which of the following statements is true ofthe arch?
A.The Romans werethe first people to use the stone arch.
B.The invention ofthe arch allowed new architectural forms to be developed.
C.The arch workedby distributing the structural load of a building toward the center of thearch.
D.The Romansfollowed earlier practices in their use of arches.
13. Look at thefour squares [█] that indicate wherethe following sentence could be added to the passage.
█ 【A】Modern architectural forms generally have three separate componentscomparable to elements of the human body; a supporting skeleton or frame, anouter skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems. █ 【B】The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, andair-conditioning. █ 【C】Ofcourse in early architecture—such as igloos and adobestructures—there was no such equipment, and theskeleton and skin were often one. █ 【D】
Where would thesentence best fit?
14. Directions: Anintroductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express themost important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in thesummary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or areminor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Architecture usesforms and space to express cultural values.
A.Architects seekto create buildings that are both visually appealing and well suited for humanuse.
B.Over the courseof the history of building, innovations in material and methods of constructionhave given architects ever greater freedom to express themselves.
C.Throughouthistory buildings have been constructed like human bodies, needing distinct “organ”systems inorder to function.
D.Both clients andarchitects are responsible for the mediocre designs of some modern buildings.
E.Modern buildingstend to lack the beauty of ancient stone buildings such as those of MachuPicchu.
F.The discovery anduse of the arch typifies the way in which architecture advances by developingmore efficient types of structures.
託福閱讀答案
1.EXCEPT題排除法，以visual art做關鍵詞定位至本段最後一句，A對，不選;以cultural values做關鍵詞定位至第二句，B對，不選;以artistic and scientific dimensions做關鍵詞定位至第一句，C對，不選;D選項與A選項在同一句，indirect effect和directly的原文說反，錯，選
2.feasible可行的，原文說了建築的若干優點，比如提供遮風避雨的場所，豐富了空間，經濟上怎麼樣，肯定是個正面的詞，A存在中性，錯;B沒有問題，雖然是正面但太過，不選，C正確，D非常可能雖然正面，但程度不足，不選
3.詞彙題，問的是第二段第三句中的enhance，備選項分別是protect, improve, organize, match，enhance提高，原文中與enhance their way of life並列的動詞是shelter，庇護之意，所以再選protect的話重疊，而且也不應該是保護他們的生活方式;organize組織match搭配都不能與庇護並列，所以improve改善生活方式最靠譜
4.In order for只是一個表目的的狀語，暫時放棄不看，同時because那部分插入語不看，整個句子就變成了建築師們採用的方法是不變的，儘管建築材料發生了很大變化。A沒說原文的建築材料發生了很大變化，而且law沒有限制size and strength，所以完全不對;B錯在in order的那個狀語部分，increase原文沒說;C說not based on physical laws與原文相反，錯，D正確
5.devise設計，所在句說全世界的建築也要怎麼樣根據簡直材料的限制，因爲有also，所以是接着前一句的，前句在上題中已經分析過了，說建築師爲了達到要求採用了多種方法，說明建築的產生應該是一個從無到有的過程，所以B選項create最合適，A聯合C介紹，引進D建議，表明都不對
6.integral完整的，構成整體的，原文說建築材料和建築方法是建築什麼樣的部分，代入選項也知道應該是A重要的部分，B可變的C實際的都不靠譜，D獨立的雖然意思基本說的通，但明顯違反原文，建築材料和方法應該是互相影響的，不能獨立
7.以material爲關鍵詞定位至本段第二句和第三句，說以前必須根據建築材料來設計建築，現在我們可以發明新材料，A說不容易找到新材料，反了;C的三種材料應該是以前不是現在;D沒說;B說現在建築材料充分，不會再影響建築設計，是原文的意思，正確
8.以modern buildings做關鍵詞定位至最後一句，說比較現在和一百年前大小相似的建築的重量我們就能發現建築技術所取得的進步，也就是以前的重現在的輕，所以答案是C，其他的都沒說
9.本段將建築結構與人體的結構進行了比較，發現;額三個共同點，排除法，A以equipment做關鍵詞定位至第一句的最後半句，equipment像的應該是vital organs and systems，不是一個component;以early building做關鍵詞定位至文章最後一句，skeleton和skin是一樣的，所以和人不同;C的change原文沒說;D正確因爲原文說現代建築像人體，以前的建築的skeleton和skin是一個，所以現代建築比之前的建築更像人體
10.arduous艱鉅的，困難的。原文說過去整個城市都是靠切割和堆積石頭搞定的，這個任務肯定是比較困難的，而代入原文的話似乎有技巧的和有必要的也是靠譜的，但D分享的一定不對，如果說切割是需要技巧的話，堆積應該是不需要的，注意不要聯想。堆積和切割石頭一定是造城市的必要任務麼?可以用木頭和其他的建築材料，所以necessary太偏了，正確答案difficult
11.修辭目的題，讀doorways and windows所在的一句話，說門窗是通過把承的石頭橫樑放在space上面形成的，讀前一句的時候發現也是個例子，所以不是答案，往下句看，說想克服石頭帶給建築的障礙，必須有一個新發明。按照原文，門窗的形成是一種克服石頭帶來的障礙的一種方法，所以答案是C
12.以arch爲關鍵詞定位至thatinvention was the arch句，接上題看到的那句，想克服石頭帶給建築的障礙，必須有一個新發明，這個發明就是arch，所以說arch的出現使得其他建築方法成爲可能，B正確。羅馬人是第一個把arch廣泛用在地上建築的，不是第一個用arch的，A錯，也沒follow前人的方法，D錯;是把壓力分散，divert，不是往中點集中，C說反
13.however和again unifying都說明正確插入點之前必須說把skeleton and skin分開，所以A和B不對，C之後的suchequipment指代C之前的內容，過渡緊密，不適合插入句子，所以D是正確答案
14.Architects選項對應全文首段首句，正確
Over選項對應第四段第三句和第三段首句，正確
Throughout選項與第五段首句相反，錯
Both選項是細節，不選
Modern選項錯，因爲原文沒說現代的建築不好看，不選
The discovery選項第六段最後一句，正確
託福閱讀譯文
建築是一門出於實用和象徵的雙重目的，通過組織和利用空間來實現設計結構的藝術和科學。。因爲建築源於人類的需求和願望，同樣也可以清楚地傳達文化價值。在所有的視覺藝術中，建築最直接地影響了我們的生活，因爲它在很多方面決定了我們生存的環境特徵。
建築是一種利用空間、質量、紋理、線條、光線和顏色的三維立體形式。一幢建築物必須實現各種要素的和諧搭配。人類本能地希望可以提供居住並且改善他們生活質量的建築。建築師們創造出來的建築物不單純的是建築物，還爲人們帶來了靈感和喜悅。建築物爲人類的生活提供了遮蔽處和豐富的空間、增加人們的活動場所、完善人們的居所、幫助人們適應氣候的變化，同時在經濟上也可承受。建築團隊中，最重要的是那些爲建築支付建設費用並且設計其功能的人，許多當代建築平庸的根源在於客戶和建築師雙反。
爲了達到建築的目的，一定的大小和強度是必須的。儘管建築材料已經發生了翻天覆地的變化，建築採用的各種支撐方法自從人們發現它們以來鮮有改變，因爲這些方法都建立在物理定律的基礎上。世界的建築結構也因爲克服材料限制的目的而發展起來。建築師們在設計建築結構的時候需要將重力對材料的影響考慮在內，通過結構設計使建築不同部分能抵抗壓力、拉力、彎曲力或混合的壓力。
甚至建築的發展也是由重大的技術變革造成的。材料和建設方法是建築結構設計整體的組成部分。早期，人們必須設計結構系統來配合當前可用的材料，如木頭、石頭和磚。現今的技術已經發展到能夠創造新的建築材料來適應想要應用的建築結構。近幾代建築材料和科技的巨大變化使得包圍空間更加簡單、快速，並且用更少的材料。在這一領域的進步可以用現在修建的建築和100年前建造的同規模建築之間的重量差異來衡量。
類似人類的身體結構，現代建築可以劃分爲三個獨立的部分：支撐骨架或框架、圍住內部空間的外殼以及像人體內器官一樣重要的設施。這些設施包括管道、電線、熱水和空調。當然，在早期的圓頂建築和土坯建築中並沒有這樣的設施，皮膚和骨骼也往往是合在一起的。
世界上大多數偉大的建築都是石料建築，因爲石料建築不僅外形漂亮、持久耐用，而且石頭隨處可得。在過去，整個城市的建築物都是從艱苦的石塊切割和堆砌發展起來的。在祕魯安第斯山脈東部的馬丘比丘印加古城遺址，可以看到世界上最棒的石質建築。在開闊的空間上放置厚石板來支撐上面的石頭，使門和窗的修建成爲可能。設計師們必須在克服石頭的物理限制以及新建築形式發展之前發明出建築結構，這就是拱形結構，即最初由分段的石頭或磚塊構成的弧形結構。拱最初在地中海早期文化中用來建設地下水渠，但古羅馬人最先開發和廣泛的利用它作爲地上建築的結構，他們完善了由分段的石塊組成的半圓形拱。作爲跨越空間的一種方式，拱可以比水平橫樑支撐更大的重量。它使得其上的壓力轉移到兩側，由兩側垂直的部分來承擔壓力。拱形結構只是近百年來衆多重要建築結構的突破之一。
託福閱讀TPO3(試題+答案+譯文)第1篇:Arch託福閱讀TPO3(試題+答案+譯文)第1篇:Architecture建築itecture建築
