託福閱讀TPO10(試題+答案+譯文)第1篇:ChinesePottery

託福TPO是託福備考小夥伴們最重要的參考資料，並且這個是在備考時候一定要認真多多練習，託福TPO是非常重要的希望大家一定要重視起來，小編爲廣大的托福考生整理了託福閱讀TPO10(試題+答案+譯文)第1篇:Chinese Pottery，下面就來跟小編一起來看下面精彩內容吧!

託福閱讀原文

China has one of the world's oldestcontinuous civilizations—despite invasions and occasional foreign rule. Acountry as vast as China with so long-lasting a civilization has a complexsocial and visual history, within which pottery and porcelain play a majorrole.

The function and status of ceramics inChina varied from dynasty to dynasty, so they may be utilitarian, burial,trade-collectors', or even ritual objects, according to their quality and theera in which they were made. The ceramics fall into three broadtypes—earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain—for vessels, architectural itemssuch as roof tiles, and modeled objects and figures. In addition, there was animportant group of sculptures made for religious use, the majority of whichwere produced in earthenware.

The earliest ceramics were fired toearthenware temperatures, but as early as the fifteenth century B.C.,high-temperature stone wares were being made with glazed surfaces. During theSix Dynasties period (AD 265-589), kilns in north China were producinghigh-fired ceramics of good quality. White wares produced in Hebei and Henanprovinces from the seventh to the tenth centuries evolved into the highlyprized porcelains of the Song dynasty (AD. 960-1279), long regarded as one ofthe high points in the history of China's ceramic industry. The tradition ofreligious sculpture extends over most historical periods but is less clearlydelineated than that of stone wares or porcelains, for it embraces the oldcustom of earthenware burial ceramics with later religious images andarchitectural ornament. Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb modelsof the Han dynasty, three-color lead-glazed vessels and figures of the Tangdynasty, and Ming three-color temple ornaments, in which the motifs wereoutlined in a raised trail of slip—as well as the many burial ceramics producedin imitation of vessels made in materials of higher intrinsic value.

Trade between the West and the settled andprosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies.One of the most far-reaching examples is the impact of the fine ninth-centuryAD. Chinese porcelain wares imported into the Arab world. So admired were thesepieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation ofporcelain and instigated research into the method of their manufacture. Fromthe Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment—a purified form of cobaltoxide unobtainable at that time in China—that contained only a low level ofmanganese. Cobalt ores found in China have a high manganese content, whichproduces a more muted blue-gray color. In the seventeenth century, the tradingactivities of the Dutch East India Company resulted in vast quantities ofdecorated Chinese porcelain being brought to Europe, which stimulated andinfluenced the work of a wide variety of wares, notably Delft. The Chinesethemselves adapted many specific vessel forms from the West, such as bottleswith long spouts, and designed a range of decorative patterns especially forthe European market.

Just as painted designs on Greek pots mayseem today to be purely decorative, whereas in fact they were carefully andprecisely worked out so that at the time, their meaning was clear, so it iswith Chinese pots. To twentieth-centuryeyes, Chinese pottery may appear merely decorative, yet to the Chinese the formof each object and its adornment had meaning and significance. The dragonrepresented the emperor, and the phoenix, the empress; the pomegranateindicated fertility, and a pair of fish, happiness; mandarin ducks stood forwedded bliss; the pine tree, peach, and crane are emblems of long life; and fishleaping from waves indicated success in the civil service examinations. Onlywhen European decorative themes were introduced did these meanings becomeobscured or even lost.

From early times pots were used in bothreligious and secular contexts. The imperial court commissioned work and in theYuan dynasty (A.D. 1279-1368) an imperial ceramic factory was established atJingdezhen. Pots played an important part in some religious ceremonies. Longand often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist that assistin classifying pots, although these sometimes confuse an already large andcomplicated picture.

託福閱讀試題

1. The word “status” in thepassage(Paragraph 2)is closest in meaning to

A.origin

B. importance

C.quality

D.design

2.According to paragraph 2, which of thefollowing is true of Chinese ceramics?

A. The function of ceramics remained thesame from dynasty to dynasty.

B.The use of ceramics as trade objects isbetter documented than the use of ceramics as ritual objects.

C. There was little variation in qualityfor any type of ceramics over time.

D.Some religious sculptures were made usingthe earthenware type of ceramics.

3.The word “evolve” in the passage(Paragraph3)is closest in meaning to

A. divided

B.extended

C.developed

D. vanished

4.Which of the sentences below bestexpresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence(Paragraph 3) inthe passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leaveout essential information.

A.While stone wares and porcelains arefound throughout most historical periods, religious sculpture is limited to theancient period.

B.Religious sculpture was created in mostperiods, but its history is less clear than that of stone wares or porcelainsbecause some old forms continued to be used even when new ones were developed.

C.While stone wares and porcelains changedthroughout history, religious sculpture remained uniform in form and use.

D.The historical development of religioussculpture is relatively unclear because religious sculptures sometimes resembleearthenware architectural ornaments.

5.Paragraph 3 supports all of the followingconcerning the history of the ceramic industry in China EXCEPT:

A.The earliest high-fired ceramics were ofpoor quality.

B. Ceramics produced during the Tang andMing dynasties sometimes incorporated multiple colors.

Earthenware ceramics were produced in Chinabefore stone wares were.

D.The Song dynasty period was notable forthe production of high quality porcelain ceramics.

6.The word “instigate” in thepassage(Paragraph 4)is closest in meaning to

A.improved

B.investigated

C. narrowed

D.caused

7.According to paragraph 4, one consequenceof the trade of Chinese ceramics was

A. the transfer of a distinctive bluepigment from China to the Middle East

B.an immediate change from earthenwareproduction to porcelain production in European countries

C.Chinese production of wares made for theEuropean market

D.a decreased number of porcelain vesselsavailable on the European market

8.The word “whereas” in thepassage(Paragraph 5)is closest in meaning to

A. while

B. previously

C.surprisingly

D.because

9.In paragraph 5, the author compares thedesigns on Chinese pots to those on Greek pots in order to

A.emphasize that while Chinese pots weredecorative, Greek pots were functional

B.argue that the designs on Chinese potshad specific meanings and were not just decorative

C.argue that twentieth-century scholars arebetter able to understand these designs than were ancient scholars

D.explain how scholars have identified themeaning of specific images on Chinese pots

10.Which of the following is mentioned inparagraph 5 as being symbolically represented on Chinese ceramics?

A.Chinese rulers

B. love of homeland

C. loyally to friends

D. success in trade

11.Paragraph 5 suggests which of thefollowing about the decorations on Chinese pottery?

A.They had more importance for aristocratsthan for ordinary citizens.

B.Their significance may have remainedclear had the Chinese not come under foreign influence.

C.They contain some of the same images thatappear on Greek pots

D.Their significance is now as clear totwentieth century observers as it was to the early Chinese.

12.The word “these” in the passage(Paragraph6)refers to

A.religious ceremonies

B. descriptions

C.types of ware

D.pots

13. Look at the four squares [■]thatindicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Wherecould the sentence best fit? Foreign trade was also responsible for certaininnovations in coloring.

Trade between the West and the settled andprosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies.One of the most far-reaching examples is the impact of the fine ninth-centuryAD. Chinese porcelain wares imported into the Arab world. ■【A】So admiredwere these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made inimitation of porcelain and instigated research into the method of theirmanufacture. ■【B】From the Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigment—a purifiedform of cobalt oxide unobtainable at that time in China—thatcontained only a low level of manganese. Cobalt ores found in China have a highmanganese content, which produces a more muted blue-gray color. ■【C】In theseventeenth century, the trading activities of the Dutch East India Companyresulted in vast quantities of decorated Chinese porcelain being brought toEurope, which stimulated and influenced the work of a wide variety of wares,notably Delft. ■【D】The Chinese themselves adapted many specific vessel forms from theWest, such as bottles with long spouts, and designed a range of decorativepatterns especially for the European market.

14. Directions: An introductory sentencefor a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary byselecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in thepassage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideasthat not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. Thisquestion is worth 2 points.

Ceramics have been produced in China for avery long time.

A.The Chinese produced earthenware,stoneware, and porcelain pottery and they used their ceramics for a variety ofutilitarian, architectural, and ceremonial purposes.

B. The shape and decoration of ceramicsproduced for religious use in China were influenced by Chinese ceramicsproduced for export.

C.As a result of trade relations, Chineseceramic production changed and Chinese influenced the ceramics production ofother countries.

D. Chinese burial ceramics have the longestand most varied history of production and were frequently decorated withwritten texts that help scholars date them.

E.Before China had contact with the West,the meaning of various designs used to decorate Chinese ceramics was wellunderstood.

F.Ceramics made in imperial factories wereused in both religious and non-religious contexts.

託福閱讀答案

1.status狀態，地位，所以B的importance重要性，地位正確。原句說瓷器的作用和什麼因朝代而不同，而且之後有解釋可能是實用的，用於埋葬的，或者blabla，所以importance能對上。origin起源不可能因爲朝代而變化;quality後面有，不應該重複;design與後文的例子對不上

2.問題中的關鍵詞不能用，所以排除法最好。A的dynasty todynasty做關鍵詞定位至第一句，說反，錯;B的trade objects和ritual objects做關鍵詞定位至第一句，原文沒有比較，錯;C的quality做關鍵詞定位至第一句，說根據它們質量決定用來幹嘛，所以質量是有變化的，C錯;D的religious和earthenware做關鍵詞定位至最後一句，正確

3.evolve進化，演化，所以C的develop正確。原文說七到十世紀的白瓷怎麼樣成了宋代的很好的瓷，無論從時間上還是後面說的highly prized都證明後面的比前面的好，所以應該是變好的意思，A分開B延伸D消失都沒有變好之意

4.原文的主要關係是因果，因果的結果部分包含了一個轉折，所以從結構上說只有B和D可能正確。B正確，D錯在原文說stoneware和porcelain比religious sculpture清楚，但沒說religious sculpture不清楚，錯

5.EXCEPT題，排除法。A的high-firedceramics做關鍵詞定位至第二句，原文說good quality, 備選項說poor，反了，錯，選;B的Tang and Ming Dynasty做關鍵詞定位至最後一句，正確，不選;C的earthenware和stoneware做關鍵詞定位至第一句，原文說最早的是earthenware，所以比stoneware早，所以C正確，不選;D的Song dynasty做關鍵詞定位至第三句，正確，不選

6.nstigate教唆，鼓動，煽動，所以cause引起正確，注意不要被investigate迷惑。原句說那些陶器非常惹人喜愛，促進了earthenware的發展，也instigate了製陶方法的研究，instigate與原文的encourage並列，所以應該是鼓勵之意。A提升改善B調查C變窄均不正確

7.以trade of Chineseceramics做關鍵詞定位至倒數第二句，問結果，所以應該關注result in之後的內容，說大量的Chinese porcelain到了歐洲，影響了一系列ware，接着又說會專門爲歐洲市場做一些ware，所以C正確;注意B儘管說到了change，但immediate是原文沒說的;A沒說;D說反了，應該是增加

8.注意句子中的seem和in fact，seem叫做看上去，也就是事實很可能不是這樣，後面的in fact叫做事實上，也就是說前面說的很可能不是事實，兩者呼應，都說明兩句話之間的關係是轉折，所以while正確

9.先看本句，現代人認爲希臘的pots上的design只是裝飾，沒有實際意義，但事實上是有意義的，中國的pots也這樣，所以B正確。A錯，不是pots decorative，而是design;C說反，D沒說方式，所以how錯

10.問下面哪個是design的替代意義，倒數第二句整個都在說pots上design的意義，提到了emperor和empress，皇帝和皇后，所以A的Chinese rulers正確，統治者;其他都沒說

11.問題中關鍵詞不明顯，排除法。A的ordinarycitizens和aristocrat原文沒說;B的foreign influence做關鍵詞定位至最後一句的European，說直到引入歐洲theme之後中國原有的裝飾的意思才被obscure，對應B，沒有foreign influence那些意思不會改變，正確;C沒說;D反了，應該是ancient更熟悉

12.these往前找，找主語。注意從句子一開始到exist之前都是句子的主語，但of之前的東西是整個句子的核心，所以答案是description，對於什麼什麼的描述，描述纔是核心，不是types of ware

13.兩個過渡點，名詞foreign trade和coloring。foreigntrade對應原文第四句的from Middle East Chinese acquired blabla和倒數第二句的tradingactivities，所以B/C/D都有可能;coloring證明B或者C正確。按照正常邏輯，應該先總括，說外貿也使染色技術發生變化，接着再說怎麼變的，所以B正確，C錯誤

14.The Chinese選項對應第二段第二句，正確

The shape選項原文沒說，不選

As選項對應原文第四段第一句，正確

Chinese選項原文沒說，不選

Before選項對應原文第五段最後一句，正確

Ceramics選項MS對應原文最後一段，但最後一段沒說imperial陶瓷是用於both情況的，也不選

託福閱讀譯文

【1】儘管中國曾飽受入侵，偶爾喪失主權受制於外國，她仍然擁有世界上最源遠流長的文明。像中國一個擁有悠久文明的大國，而陶瓷在其複雜的社會歷史以及視覺歷史中扮演了極爲重要的角色。

【2】在中國，每一個朝代陶瓷的功能和地位都是不同的，所以，根據它們的質量和製作年代的不同，可以是實用器物、陪葬品、貿易收藏品，甚至是禮器。對於容器、瓦片等建築材料、模仿的物體或人物，陶瓷廣義上被分爲3大類：陶器、炻器和瓷器。另外，瓷器中還有很重要的一類就是宗教用途的雕塑，它們多數是陶質的。

【3】儘管最早的陶瓷是在製陶的溫度下燒製的，但是早在公元前15世紀，就已經出現了上釉的高溫炻器。六朝時期(公元265-589年)，中國北方就有窯爐在燒製優質的高溫瓷器。從7世紀到10世紀，河北以及河南省產的白瓷逐漸演變成爲享有盛名的宋瓷(公元960-1279年)——長久以來被認爲是中國陶瓷業歷史中的巔峯時期之一。宗教雕塑的傳統在大部分歷史時期中都有延續，但是沒有炻器和瓷器質地的雕塑描繪的那麼清晰，有一種古老的習俗，就是將刻着新的宗教形象和建築裝飾的陶器作爲陪葬品。瓷製品還包括漢朝的鉛釉隨葬陶俑，唐朝的三彩鉛釉器皿和人物，明朝的以泥釉凸紋展現輪廓的三彩寺廟裝飾物以及很多用來仿製貴重器皿的陪葬瓷器。

【4】西方國家和繁榮穩定的歷代中國朝代之間的貿易促使雙方互相引入了新的形式和不同的技術。有一個意義最爲深遠的例子，公元9世紀精美中國瓷器出口到阿拉伯世界，帶來巨大的影響。阿拉伯人對這些瓷器讚不絕口，於是他們鼓勵製陶來仿製瓷器，並激勵人們研究製作方法。中國人從中東獲得了一種藍色顏料——一種純化的氧化鈷，當時在中國並未出現，其中只含有少量的錳。中國境內發現的鈷礦石含有大量的會產生暗藍灰色的錳元素。17世紀，大量中國裝飾類瓷器通過荷蘭東印度公司的交易活動流入歐洲，這刺激和影響了廣泛多樣的瓷器的生產，特別是代爾夫特 。中國人自己改良了很多種來自西方的特殊器皿，比如長嘴的瓶子，並專門爲歐洲市場設計了一系列裝飾性圖案。

【5】就像希臘的陶器上所繪的圖案，今天看來也許純粹是爲了裝飾，然而事實上在當時它們都是人們精心燒製而成的，它們的意義在當時非常明確，中國的瓷器也是如此。以20世紀的眼光來看，中國製造的陶瓷也許僅僅是裝飾品，但是對於中國人來說每個物件的形狀及它的裝飾都有寓意非凡，影響深遠。龍代表皇帝，鳳代表皇后;石榴意味着多子，雙魚意味着幸福;鴛鴦寓意着婚姻幸福美滿;松樹、桃樹以及鶴都是長壽的象徵;魚躍出水面意味着科舉考試會高中。但是歐洲的裝飾主題被引進後，這些寓意就變得不再那麼流行甚至丟失了。

【6】陶瓷器皿在很早期就已用於宗教和日常生活中。朝廷分派了製作工作，並於元朝(公元1279-1368年)在景德鎮設立了一座官窯。陶瓷器皿在一些宗教儀式上也有着重要的地位。現存的關於不同類型的陶瓷器具很多長篇且抒情的描述可以幫助我們對其進行分類，儘管這些描述有時候會使得一幅大而複雜的畫面顯得凌亂。

託福閱讀TPO10(試題+答案+譯文)第1篇:Chinese Pottery