世界上十大最毒的毒蛇(上)
lesnake
10.響尾蛇The only snake from the Americas on the list, the Rattlesnake is easily identifiable by the tell tale rattle on the end of its tail. They are actually a part of the Pit Viper family, and are capable of striking at up to 2/3rd their body length. The Eastern Diamondback in considered the most venomous species in North America. Surprisingly, juveniles are considered more dangerous than adults, due to their inability to control the amount of venom injected. Most species of rattlesnakes have hemotoxic venom, destroying tissue, degenerating organs and causing coagulopathy (disrupted blood clotting). Some degree of permanent scarring is very likely in the event of a venomous bite, even with prompt, effective treatment, and can lead to the loss of a limb or death. Difficulty breathing, paralysis, drooling and massive hemorrhaging are also common symptoms. Thus, a rattlesnake bite is always a potentially fatal injury. Untreated rattlesnake bites, especially from larger species, are very often fatal. However, antivenin, when applied in time, reduces the death rate to less than 4%
這是排行榜上唯一來自美國的蛇，響尾蛇極易通過它尾巴頂端的響環來識別。響尾蛇是蝮蛇家族的一份子，並且它們的攻擊距離可以達到身體長度的三分之二。東部菱斑響尾蛇在北美被認爲是最毒的種類。令人吃驚的是，幼蛇被認爲比成年蛇更危險，因爲它們擁有控制毒液注入量的能力。大多數種類的響尾蛇分泌的毒液含有溶血毒素，會破壞血液組織功能，減弱器官功能，導致凝血障礙（中斷血液凝結）。被毒蛇咬後，即使有及時的、有效的治療也極易留下某種程度上的永久性傷疤，並且可能導致截肢或死亡。呼吸困難、麻痹、流口水和大出血也是中毒常見的症狀。因此，響尾蛇咬傷始終是一個潛在的致命傷害。未經處理的響尾蛇咬傷通常是致命的，尤其是來自較大的物種。但是，及時注射抗蛇毒血清可將死亡率降低到低於4%。
h Adder
9.南棘蛇
The appropriately named Death Adder is found in Australia and New Guinea. They actually hunt and kill other snakes, including some on this list, usually via ambush. Death Adders look quite similar to vipers, in that they have triangular shaped heads and short, squat bodies. They typically inject around 40-100mg of venom with an LD of 0.4mg-0.5mg/kg. An untreated Death Adder bite is one of the most dangerous in the world. The venom is a neurotoxin. A bite causes paralysis and can cause death within 6 hours, due to respiratory failure. Symptoms generally peak within 24-48 hours. Antivenin is very successful in treating a bite from a Death Adder, particularly due to the relatively slow progression of symptoms, but before its development, a Death Adder bite had a fatality rate of 50%. With the quickest strike in the world, a Death Adder can go from strike position to striking and back again within 0.13 of a second.
在澳大利亞和新幾內亞可以發現南棘蛇的蹤影。實際上，他們經常通過伏擊來獵殺其他蛇類，包括在這排行榜中的一些蛇。因爲他們都有三角形狀的頭和粗短的身體，所以南棘蛇看上去與蝰蛇十分相似。南棘蛇通常注入大約40 ～100毫克的毒液含有0.4毫克～ 0.5毫克/千克LD。未經處理的南棘蛇咬傷是世界上最危險的傷之一。南棘蛇的毒液是一種神經毒素。被南棘蛇咬一口會引起麻痹並會在6小時內由於呼吸衰竭而死亡。中毒症狀通常在24 ～48小時內達到最高峯。抗蛇毒血清治療南棘蛇咬傷是非常有效的，特別是那些症狀進展相對緩慢的，但是在其擴散之前，由南棘蛇造成的死亡率可達到50%。南棘蛇擁有世界上最快的攻擊速度，它可以在0.13秒內完成攻擊並回到攻擊位置。rs
8.蝰蛇
Vipers are found throughout most of the world, but arguably the most venomous is the Saw Scaled Viper and the Chain Viper, found primarily in the Middle East and Central Asia, particularly India, China and South East Asia. Vipers are quick tempered and generally nocturnal, often active after rains. They are also very fast. Most of these species have venom that cause symptoms that begin with pain at the site of the bite, immediately followed by swelling of the affected extremity. Bleeding is a common symptom, especially from the gums. There is a drop in blood pressure and the heart rate falls. Blistering occurs at the site of the bite, developing along the affected limb in severe cases. Necrosis is usually superficial and limited to the muscles near the bite, but may be severe in extreme cases. Vomiting and facial swelling occurs in about one-third of all cases. Severe pain may last for 2-4 weeks. Often, local swelling peaks within 48-72 hours, involving the affected limb. Discoloration may occur throughout the swollen area as red blood cells and plasma leak into muscle tissue. Death from septicaemia, respiratory or cardiac failure may occur 1 to 14 days post-bite, or even later.
蝰蛇遍佈世界的大部分地方，但是據證明最毒的是鋸狀鱗片蝰蛇和鏈蝰蛇，主要分佈在中東和中亞地區，尤其是印度、中國和東南亞。蝰蛇脾氣急躁且一般在夜間行動，降雨後十分活躍。他們行動也非常迅速。大多數此種蛇的毒液會引起以下症狀，開始時被咬處出現疼痛，緊隨其後的是患肢腫痛。出血是一種常見症狀，尤其是牙齦。血壓下降，心率下降。被咬傷處產生氣泡，在嚴重的情況下會隨着患肢擴展。壞死通常發生在表皮和被咬周圍一定範圍內的肌肉處，但在極端情況下可能會十分嚴重。大約三分之一的病例會嘔吐和麪部腫脹。劇烈的疼痛可能會持續2～4周。通常情況下，局部腫脹的高峯期在48 ～ 72小時內，包括患肢。因爲紅細胞和血漿滲漏到肌肉組織，整個腫區域可能會變色。患者在被咬後1 ～14天或更晚可能會死於敗血症、呼吸衰竭或心臟衰竭。ippine Cobra
7.菲律賓眼鏡蛇
Most species of Cobra would not make this list; however the Philippine Cobra is the exception. Drop for drop, its venom is the most deadly of all the Cobra species, and they are capable of spitting it up to 3 metres. The venom is a neurotoxin which affects cardiac and respiratory function, and can cause neurotoxicity, respiratory paralysis and death in thirty minutes. The bite causes only minimal tissue damage. The neurotoxins interrupt the transmission of nerve signals by binding to the neuro-muscular junctions near the muscles. The symptoms might include headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, dizziness, collapse and convulsions.
除了菲律賓眼鏡蛇，大多數種類的眼鏡蛇都不在這個排行榜上。下降到微量，菲律賓眼鏡蛇的毒液是所有眼鏡蛇毒液中最致命的，並且它們能夠將毒液噴出3米遠。菲律賓眼鏡蛇的毒液是一種影響心臟和呼吸系統功能的神經毒素，並且能夠引起神經中毒，使中毒者在三十分鐘因呼吸系統癱瘓而死亡。咬傷只造成最小限度的組織損傷。然而，神經毒素會通過附在肌肉周圍的神經肌肉交接處來阻斷神經信號的傳輸。中毒表徵有頭痛、噁心、嘔吐、腹痛、腹瀉、頭暈、眩暈和抽搐。r Snake
6.虎蛇
Found in Australia, the Tiger snake has a very potent neurotoxic venom. Death from a bite can occur within 30 minutes, but usually takes 6-24 hours. Prior to the development of antivenin, the fatality rate from Tiger snakes was 60-70%. Symptoms can include localized pain in the foot and neck region, tingling, numbness and sweating, followed by a fairly rapid onset of breathing difficulties and paralysis. The Tiger snake will generally flee if encountered, but can become aggressive when cornered. It strikes with unerring accuracy.
分佈在澳大利亞的虎蛇具有毒性非常強烈的能夠毒害神經的毒液。在被咬傷30分鐘內死亡就會發生，但毒性通常會潛伏6 ～24小時。抗蛇毒血清未被髮明之前，由虎蛇造成的死亡率達到60 ～ 70%。中毒症狀包括腳和頸部區域的局部疼痛、刺痛、麻木和出汗，緊隨其後的是迅速出現呼吸困難和局部肢體癱瘓。如果遇到人，虎蛇一般會逃走，但是在被逼急的時候它就會變得十分兇猛。並且，它的攻擊十分準確。
