一詞：理髮店門口的彩色柱子，到底是用來幹啥的？

n. 外科學，外科手術

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圖片來源：視覺中國

During medieval times, barbers performed surgery on customers, as well as tooth extractions. 

在中世紀，理髮師爲顧客做外科手術，併爲顧客拔牙。

The original pole had a brass wash basin at the top (representing the vessel in which leeches were kept) and bottom (representing the basin that received the blood). 

原來的柱子上下各有一個黃銅臉盆（上面的表示放水蛭的容器，下面的是盛血的水盆）。

The pole itself represents the staff that the patient gripped during the procedure to encourage blood flow.

杆子本身代表着手術過程中病人緊緊抓着的工作人員，以促進血液流動。

At the Council of Tours in 1163, the clergy was banned from the practice of surgery. 

1163年圖爾議會禁止神職人員從事外科手術。

From then, physicians were clearly separated from the surgeons and barbers. 

從那時起，醫生與外科醫生和理髮師就被清楚地區分開來。

Later, the role of the barbers was defined by the College de Saint-Côme et Saint-Damien, established by Jean Pitard in Paris circa 1210, as academic surgeons of the long robe and barber surgeons of the short robe.

後來，大約在1210年，讓·皮塔德在巴黎創辦的聖卡米和聖達米恩學院確定了理髮師的角色，學術外科醫生穿長袍，理髮師穿短袍。

After the formation of the United Barber Surgeon's Company in England, a statute required the barber to use a red and white pole and the surgeon to use a red pole. 

英國聯合理髮師外科醫生公司成立後，一項法令要求理髮師使用紅白相間的杆子，而外科醫生使用紅色的杆子。

In France, surgeons used a red pole with a basin attached to identify their offices. Blue often appears on poles in the United States, possibly as a homage to its national colors. 

在法國，外科醫生用一根帶盆的紅色杆子來區分他們的辦公室。美國人則常用藍色的杆子，這可能是爲了向其民族色彩致敬。

Another, more fanciful interpretation of these barber pole colors is that red represents arterial blood, blue is symbolic of venous blood, and white depicts the bandage.

另一種更奇特的解釋是，紅色代表動脈血，藍色代表靜脈血，白色代表繃帶。

brain surgery 

腦部手術

She had plastic surgery to change the shape of her nose.  

爲改變鼻子的形狀，她接受了整形手術。