英國法官和律師的白色假髮原來大有來頭

In England wigs remain an important part of formal courtroom attire for judges and barristers — the term there for lawyers.

在英國，假髮一直是法官和出庭律師法庭制服的重要組成。

Many of the judges and barristers who wear wigs in court say the headpiece — also known as a peruke — brings a sense of formality and solemnity to proceedings.

許多法官和出庭律師表示，戴上這種假髮會給訴訟程序增加莊嚴肅穆的儀式感。

Like many uniforms, wigs are an emblem of anonymity, an attempt to distance the wearer from personal involvement and a way to visually draw on the supremacy of the law, says Kevin Newton, a Washington, D.C.-based lawyer who studied law at the University of London. Wigs are so much a part of British criminal courts that if a barrister doesn't wear a wig, it's seen as an insult to the court.

來自華盛頓的律師凱文?牛頓曾在倫敦法學院學習法律系。他表示，和其他制服一樣，假髮是一種不露身份的象徵，它試圖將佩戴者的個人情感與法庭分割開來，從視覺上塑造法律的至高無上性。假髮在英國刑事法庭中意義重大，如果一個律師不戴假髮，則會被視爲對法庭的侮辱。

Barristers must wear a wig slightly frizzed at the crown, with horizontal curls on the sides and back. In addition, there are two long strips of hair that hang down below the hairline on the neck and sport a looped curl at each end. Different types of lawyers, though, have distinctions in the style of wig.

出庭律師佩戴的假髮樣式必須是頭頂後部稍卷，兩側和後腦帶有水平捲曲。此外，脖子髮際線下還要垂下兩縷長長的頭髮，每縷末端也有一個環形捲曲。不同類型的律師，佩戴的假髮風格也有所不同。

A judge's wig is similar, but more ornate. It's a full wig, from a slightly frizzed top that transitions into tight horizontal curls that range several inches below the shoulders.

法官的假髮樣式和律師的差不多，但更爲華麗，是一頂全頭套假髮，頂部微卷，向下逐漸變爲濃密的水平捲曲，長度在肩膀以下幾英寸。

Most wigs are made of white horse hair, but as a wig yellows with age, it takes on a coveted patina that conveys experience.

大多數假髮都是由白色的馬毛製成，但隨着時間推移，假髮會變黃，散發出代表着經驗老道的光澤。

Horse hair may not seem like a particularly precious material, but pair specialty hair with an age-old craft of styling, sewing and gluing, and the resulting wigs aren't cheap. A judge's full-length wig can cost more than $3,000, while the shorter ones worn by barristers cost more than $500.

馬毛似乎不算特別珍貴的材質，但將這些毛髮用古老的工藝造型、縫紉、膠合，打造成假髮並不便宜。一頂標準長度的法官假髮售價超過3000美元（約合人民幣2萬元），而出庭律師佩戴的短假髮也要花費500多美元（約合人民幣3300元）。

Wigs may have fallen out of general men's fashion over the centuries, but when wigs first made their appearance in a courtroom, they were part and parcel of being a well-dressed professional.

在過去的幾個世紀裏，假髮已經從普通男士時尚中消失了。但當假髮第一次出現在法庭上時，它是專業人士的得體穿着中必不可少的一部分。

In the 17th century, only the elite wore powdered wigs made of horsehair. Those who couldn't afford the elite garb but wanted to look the part wore wigs made of hair from goats, spooled cotton or human corpses.

在17世紀，只有社會精英才能佩戴馬毛製成的撲粉假髮。而那些買不起又想要充樣子的人，只能戴山羊毛、棉花或死人毛髮製成的假髮。

Wigs began to catch on in the late 16th century when an increasing number of people in Europe were contracting the STD. Without widespread treatment with antibiotics, people with syphilis were plagued by rashes, blindness, dementia, open sores and hair loss. The hair loss was particularly problematic in social circles.

假髮在16世紀晚期開始流行。當時歐洲越來越多的人感染了性病，由於當時抗生素還沒有廣泛用於治療，感染者飽受皮疹、失明、癡呆、開放性潰瘍和脫髮的折磨。而脫髮的問題在社交圈中尤爲嚴重。

Wigs, when not used to cover syphilis-related hair loss, were a big help for those who had lice. After all, it was much more difficult to treat and pick through the hair on one's head than it was to sanitize a wig.

除了掩蓋性病導致的脫髮，假髮對長蝨子的人來說也有很大幫助。畢竟處理頭髮上的蝨子要比給假髮消毒麻煩多了。

Over time, wigs fell out of fashion with society as a whole. During the reign of England's King George III, from 1760 to 1820, wigs were worn by only a few — namely bishops, coachmen and those in the legal profession. And bishops were permitted to stop wearing them in the 1830s. But the courts kept wigs for hundreds of years more.

隨着時間的推移，假髮不再流行於整個社會。1760-1820年，英國國王喬治三世在位期間，只有少數的主教、馬車伕和法律界人士佩戴假髮。到19世紀30年代，主教獲准停止佩戴假髮。而法庭則將這項傳統保留了數百年。

In 2007, though, new dress rules did away with barrister wigs — for the most part. Wigs were no longer required during family or civil court appearances, or when appearing before the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. Wigs, however, remain in use in criminal cases.

2007年的新着裝規定基本免去了出庭律師的假髮，當律師在家事法庭、民事法庭或英國最高法院出庭時，不需要再佩戴假髮。但在刑事案件中，需佩戴假髮。

In the U.K. and Ireland, judges continued to wear wigs until 2011, when the practice was discontinued. In England, and other former English and British colonies — like Canada, for instance, whose provinces abandoned the wigs throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, or Jamaica which removed the wigs in 2013 — lawyers and judges now only wear wigs for ceremonies.

在英國和愛爾蘭，直到2011年法官佩戴假髮的規定才取消。在英格蘭和其他英國的前殖民地，律師和法官只需在參加儀式時佩戴假髮。例如，加拿大在19和20世紀就遺棄了這一傳統，而牙買加在2013年也取消了該規定。