世銀副行長年世界知識論壇發言

A Solutions Partnership to End Poverty--Speech at World Knowledge Forum
在世界知識論壇上的發言

Collaborative Knowledge, Learning and Innovation as Key Accelerators
協作知識、學習與創新是核心加速器

Sanjay Pradhan, World Bank Vice President for Change, Knowledge and Learning
世界銀行副行長桑賈伊·普拉丹

October 16, 2013
2013年10月16日

It is an honor to be here, and to follow the steps of Jim Yong Kim, World Bank Group President, who spoke at this Forum last year.
去年，世界銀行集團行長金墉先生在本論壇發表講話，今天，本人也榮幸地來到了這裏。

I want to talk to you about ending poverty—more specifically, since this is the World Knowledge Forum, I want to talk about how a collaborative approach to Knowledge, Learning and Innovation can become a powerful accelerator in our collective drive to end poverty.
我希望與諸位探討如何終結貧困——具體而言，鑑於這裏是世界知識論壇，本人希望在此談談如何通過協作的方式，讓知識、學習和創新成爲我們戮力同心終結貧困的強大加速器。

The Ganga Problem
恆河之困

But first, I want to start with a story from my home country, India. The story is about the river Ganges.
首先，我想以我祖國印度的故事作爲開端，談一談恆河。

The Ganges is a sacred river, worshipped by Hindus as the Mother Ganga. The Ganga’s waters are considered to be so pure and sacred that, when you bathe in them, it cleanses you of all your sins. The Ganga River provides 25% of India’s water resources. More than 2500 kilometers long, it is the most heavily populated river basin in the world. For 400 million people, mostly very poor people, life and survival depend on Mother Ganga every day.
恆河是一條聖河，是印度人崇拜的母親河。人們認爲在純潔神聖的恆河水中沐浴，可以滌除所有罪孽。恆河總長2500多公里，提供了印度水資源總量的25%，是世界上人口最爲稠密的流域。居住在恆河流域的四億人口中大多數極度貧困，他們的日常起居與生存都要依賴這條母親河。

But sadly, today, the Ganges is dying. Poorly planned rapid urbanization and industrialization have turned the Ganga into the most polluted river in the world. Every day, more than 250 million liters of untreated sewage goes right into the Ganga. The reality is that today, bathing in the Ganga, does not cleanse you. It makes you sick. Health costs in the Ganga basin alone are about $4 billion per year.
但令人悲痛的是，如今的恆河卻奄奄一息。規劃不良、快速發展的城鎮化與工業化已將恆河變爲全球污染最爲嚴重的河流。每天，有2.5億升未加處理的污水被直接排入恆河。如今，在恆河沐浴，不但無法洗去塵埃，反而會帶來疾病。僅恆河一地，每年的醫療費用就要消耗約40億美元。

The Ganga problem is not just a problem of immense magnitude. It is also a problem of immense complexity. It is not simply about cleaning a river. It is about how governments regulate, how companies make their profits, how people live their lives. The Ganga problem cuts across many different sectors—agriculture, urban management, environment, to name just a few. It also cuts across many stakeholders in society and most importantly, millions of poor people depend on the river for their lives and livelihoods.
恆河問題不僅規模龐大，而且極爲複雜。問題不僅關乎河流治理，而且還涉及到政府如何監管，公司如何贏利以及人民如何生活。恆河問題橫跨農業、城市管理和環境等衆多領域，涉及社會衆多利益攸關方，且尤爲重要的是，數千萬貧困人口的生活與生計都有賴於這條母親河。

Other countries too increasingly face challenges that are complex, multi-dimensional, and crucial to improving the lives of the poor: for instance, creating jobs in the townships of South-Africa; or, providing access to water in Yemen. Those are problems that have no specific technical fixes—building roads and bridges alone won’t do. They require humility, the ability to collaborate and learn from the experiences of others, and the ability to innovate and take innovations to scale.
爲改善貧困人口的生活，其他國家亦面臨着越來越多複雜重大的跨領域挑戰，例如南非的城鎮就業、也門的水資源獲取等問題。僅靠修路建橋等單純的技術手段無法解決這些問題。態度謙遜、相互協作、取長補短、具備創新能力及推廣創新，方是解決問題之道。

The challenge before us is how we can join forces and solve transformational problems of the magnitude, complexity and impact of the polluted Ganga? That question is at the very heart of the new World Bank Group (WBG) strategy.
我們面臨的挑戰是，如何攜手共同解決恆河污染這種規模巨大、性質複雜且影響深遠的轉型問題？這正是世界銀行集團（世行集團）新戰略的核心內容。

The WBG Goals and New Strategy – The Imperative for a Solutions Partnership
世行集團的目標和新戰略—— 創建解決方案夥伴關係勢在必行

Last April, the shareholders of the World Bank Group, its 188 member countries, endorsed two goals: to end, by 2030, extreme poverty – as measured by those living under $1.25 per day— and to promote shared prosperity—as measured by income gains of the bottom 40% of the population. Four days ago, at our Annual Meetings, they took the next step by endorsing a new WBG Strategy to focus relentlessly on achieving those goals in a sustainable manner. Achieving the goals requires that we achieve a deeper and faster impact in the lives of 1.2 billion people worldwide who live in extreme poverty, on less than $1.25 a day, and another 2.7 billion who remain poor and vulnerable, living on $1.25 - $4 a day.
去年4月份，世行集團的188個成員國股東通過了兩項目標：到2030年終結極端貧困（以每天生活費低於1.25美元爲衡量標準）和促進共享繁榮（ 以最底層40%人口的收入增長水平爲衡量標準）。四天前，在世行集團年會上，成員國又進一步批准了世行集團新戰略，支持世行全力以赴以可持續的方式實現這些目標。實現這些目標要求我們迅速帶來深刻影響，提高12億赤貧人口（每天生活費低於1.25美元）以及27億貧窮弱勢羣體（每天生活費在1.25 - 4美元之間）的生活水平。

The challenge is massive. Achieving the goals means that it cannot be business as usual. We need to accelerate. We need to unite our efforts to support countries in solving their problems. And this is why we need a Solutions Partnership to end poverty and boost shared prosperity.
挑戰是艱鉅的。實現這些目標意味着不能墨守成規。我們要加快步伐。我們要凝聚力量，幫助各國解決問題。這也正是我們要建立解決方案夥伴關係來終結貧困、促進共享繁榮的原因所在。

The Ganga will become clean when the country’s stakeholders from different sectors, disciplines and social groups work, learn and innovate together to implement and iterate solutions to that complex challenge, drawing on global evidence of “what works” and the practical experience of other countries. This will require repeated iteration and collaborative problem solving, with the support of a range of partners with different strengths and comparative advantage. This collaboration to tackle such difficult challenges through a solutions cycle, underpinned by global and local knowledge, mutual learning and innovative solutions constitutes the accelerator in the fight to end poverty and build shared prosperity.
只要印度各部門、行業與社會團體的利益攸關方同心協力，通過不斷學習、創新並付諸實踐來應對恆河的複雜挑戰，同時借鑑全球證明“管用”的做法，汲取他國實踐經驗，則恆河必將恢復清澈的原貌。實現這一目標要求相關方不斷重複嘗試，在長處和相對優勢各異的合作伙伴的幫助下，合力解決問題。全球與地方知識、共同學習和創新方案共同支持着形成解決方案的過程，在此過程中各方攜手應對艱鉅挑戰，將有助於加速終結貧困、促進共享繁榮。

This is the essence of the Solutions WBG that President Kim talked about at this Forum last year. In the spirit of global solidarity which President Kim spoke about, we invite you to join us in a global partnership for solutions to end poverty and boost shared prosperity.
這便是金墉行長去年在本論壇所述解決方案的精髓。秉承金墉行長提及的全球團結精神，我們邀請各位加入全球解決方案夥伴關係，共同終結貧困、促進共享繁榮。

An Approach to Development Solutions
探索發展解決方案之道

Development solutions have a cycle, which starts by understanding the true nature of the problem—the diagnosis. How often have development organizations, including my own, approached countries with technical fixes without truly understanding the problem? As part of our new strategy, we will invest systematically in shared diagnosis. Using all available evidence and analysis, we want to invest in a systematic country diagnostic to help countries identify, within the context of their national plans, what their biggest challenges are, and what the greatest opportunities are to reduce poverty and boost shared prosperity. While being analytically rigorous, this will also be a tool for collaborative learning among the full range of stakeholders -- governments, the private sector and civil society – to agree on the key problems and understand the political, social and cultural realities that drive the incentives and behaviors that helped create these problems in the first place.
制定發展解決方案需要一個週期，該週期始於對問題本質的認識——診斷分析。包括世行集團在內的發展機構曾多少次在並未真正瞭解問題的情況下，就向相關國家提出了技術性解決手段？作爲世行集團新戰略的一部分，世行集團將系統性地投資於共同診斷：利用所有可獲得的證據和研究，系統性的投資於國家診斷，幫助這些國家根據自己的規劃，確定終結貧困、促進共享繁榮面臨哪些最大機遇與挑戰。共同診斷既能嚴謹剖析問題，亦將成爲所有利益攸關方——政府、私營部門和民間團體——共同學習的工具，使各方不僅能就關鍵問題達成共識，還可瞭解推動這些問題產生的動因和行爲及其背後的政治、社會和文化現實。

Only when there is a shared understanding of the key problems with clear indicators of success, can we mobilize an enhanced bundle of financing, knowledge and convening services from across the WBG and with other partners to help country stakeholders solve these problems. The resulting Solutions Partnership operating at the country and global levels underpins our collective drive to end poverty.
只有就關鍵問題達成共識並明確了成功的指標，我們方能籌措更多資金和知識資源，調集世行集團的各種服務，與其他合作伙伴一起幫助各國利益攸關方解決所確定的問題。由此在國家和全球層面形成的解決方案夥伴關係將支持我們一起終結貧困。

In this bundle of solutions, obviously finance remains crucially important. The estimated sums needed for infrastructure alone in developing countries are staggering: up to $1.5 trillion per year. But the WBG needs to approach finance differently, especially when official development assistance is less than one percent of total capital flows to developing countries and our own financial footprint is a fraction of that. The private sector today accounts for the bulk of capital investment and job creation. We need to develop innovative ways to use official development assistance to leverage much larger amounts of finance from the private sector. We need collaborative public-private approaches for tackling transformational challenges. Under the new WBG strategy, we will marshal the combined resources of the World Bankwhich supports government, with the IFC and MIGA that support the private sector.
顯而易見，資金仍然是這些解決方案中的重要一環。僅發展中國家基礎設施建設預計所需的資金就令人震驚：每年1.5萬億美元。目前官方發展援助資金不足發展中國家總流入資本的1%，而世行集團提供的資金又僅佔其中一小部分，在這種情況下，我們需採取不同的手段解決這一問題。如今，私營部門已成爲基礎投資和創造就業的生力軍。我們需要採用創新的方式，利用官方開發援助從私營部門調動更多資金， 我們需要利用公私合作的方式應對轉型期的挑戰。根據世行集團新戰略，我們將綜合運用爲政府提供支持的世行資源以及爲私營部門提供幫助的國際金融公司和多邊投資擔保機構的資源。

But money alone is not the answer. How to use the money—that is the question. The Ganga will not become clean with just more money. That money already exists. The Ganga will become clean when the country’s stakeholders work and learn collaboratively, and persist through to sustainable results.
但僅靠資金無法解決問題。如何使用資金亦很關鍵。單靠更多資金恆河無法去污返清。資金早已到位，但只有印度各利益攸關方齊心協力、共同學習併爲實現目標堅持而不懈努力，恆河方能重新變得清澈見底。

There is no better place than Korea to demonstrate the power of relentlessly and iteratively tackling the most difficult challenges to successfully traverse the journey from a country stricken by abject poverty only 60 years ago to the status of a developed nation. Take the Saemul Movement of Korea in the seventies, which had unprecedented success in tackling the very complex problem of rural poverty. The Saemul Movement built on a deep understanding of the prevailing socio-economic context of rural poverty in Korea, and then turned that into a method, which was refined and successfully scaled up over time, to support traditional community norms of diligence, self-help and collaboration. Today, the Saemul Movement solution itself might not be replicable “as is.” However, the approach to understanding, and methodically tackling, the problem of rural poverty in all its cultural, political and economic complexity, provides the international community invaluable lessons.
在百折不撓、堅持不懈地應對艱鉅挑戰方面，韓國堪稱最佳典範，通過艱辛的歷程，這個60年前一貧如洗的國家已邁入發達國家之列。韓國於上世紀七十年代開展的新鄉村運動在解決複雜的農村貧困問題上取得了史無前例的成功。新鄉村運動是在對造成韓國農村貧困的主要社會經濟背景的深刻理解基礎之上，將此理解轉化爲解決方法，經不斷改進和成功拓展，將勤奮、自強及協作等社會優良傳統推向更新的高度。如今，我們可能無法“全盤”複製新鄉村運動的解決方案。但是，這種充分了解和有條不紊地解決涉及文化、政治和經濟等諸多方面的農村貧困問題的舉措，可爲國際社會提供寶貴經驗。