中英雙語話歷史 第59期:南北朝(北魏)

In the late Sixteen States period, an underdeveloped ethnic minority _ the Tuoba of Xianbei—gradually rose to power.

十六國後期，一個極爲落後的少數民族——鮮卑族拓跋部落逐漸強盛起來。

The Tuoba clan of Xianbei tribe mainly lived in the northern part of Daxi,anling( now northeast of China) and led a nomadic life.

建立北魏的鮮卑族拓跋部，最初活動於大興安嶺北端一帶,過着遊牧生活。

At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, it was split into three sectors.

西晉末年，拓跋部分爲三部分。

In 386, Tuoba Gui set up the state of Dai at Cheng Yue when the Former Qin collapsed and changed Dai into Wei in the same year, which was known as the Northern Wei in history.

公元386年（魏登國元年），拓跋娃乘前秦瓦解之際,在盛樂稱代王，重建代國。同年，改國號爲魏，史稱北魏。

The Northern Wei captured the Later Yan, entered the Central Plains and es-tablished the Northern Wei (386 ?534). Then the Northern Wei wiped out all rival states and brought a long period of warfare to an end.

北魏打敗後燕入主中原，在建立北魏政權（386 ~ 534)之後，又消滅各割據政權，統一北方，結束了北部中國長期混戰的局面，中國北方開始進入北朝時期。

Historians often regard the 5th year of Taiyan (439), when the Northern Wei unified the northern area of China, as the beginning of the Northern Dynasty.

按照史家的習慣，北魏統一北方的太延五年(439)往往被視爲北朝的起始之年。

In its early years, Pingcheng(now Datong in Shanxi) served as the capital. After Emperor Xiaowen ascended to the throne, he removed the capital to Luoyang and vigorously promoted the learning of the Han culture. Therefore, the political center was brought to the central plain as well.

北魏前期以平城(今山西大同）爲都，孝文帝大舉實行漢化，政治中心也遷徙到中原腹地 洛陽。

The Northern Wei lasted over a century, with 12 emperors of nine generations. It had relatively greater impact on the history of the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

北魏立國100多年，歷九代十二帝，是對南北朝歷史影響較大的一個王朝。

The Reform of the Emperor Xiaowen： At the beginning, the Northern Wei practised the “Suzerain check and protection” system. From the late fifth century, itquickened its pace of Sinicisation and came into the golden period in history of the Northern Wei thanks to the reform carried out by the sixth descendent, Emperor Xiaowen.

孝文帝的改制:北魏初期，實行宗主督護制，從5世紀後期開始，其漢化趨勢加快，開創了北魏黃金時代的正是北魏第六代皇帝，孝文帝元宏。

In 493, Xiaowen moved his capital to Luoyang and took measures to reform traditional Xianbei customs, for example, the surname Tuoba of Xianbei clan was changed into Yuan, Dugu into Liu,Buliu Gu into Lu and Qiumu Ling into Mu.

公元493年孝文帝 遷都洛陽，同時，孝文帝將鮮卑族拓跋姓氏改爲元，獨孤氏改姓劉氏,步六孤氏改姓陸氏,丘穆陵氏改姓穆氏等。

To achieve the goal of acculturation, he promulgated a decree to implement his people to merge into the Han culture by restricting their own development,for instance, Xianbei language and clothes were banned.

此外他還禁止使用鮮卑語，禁止穿戴鮮卑服飾，並頒詔宣佈吸收漢族文化。孝文帝企圖通過限制自身文化，來達到與漢族融合的目的。

As for the old political practice, Emperor Xiaowen introduced the “three chiefs” system and the land equalisa-tion system.

孝文帝還實行三長制，頒佈均田制，改革了鮮卑舊俗。

After a package of reforms, the advanced Han culture and well-developed political institution were fully functioned in the Northern Wei and the northern China stepped into a stage of culture assimilation, which promoted social and economic development in the north but invited strong opposition from certain conservative aristocrats and Xianbei military men on the other hand.

通過孝文帝的一系列改革，使得漢族的先進文化及先進的政治制度完全融人了北魏的統治中，中國北方已經開始進人了民族融合的階段,促進了北方社會政治、經濟的發展，但也引起了鮮卑貴族和武將的反對。

The reforms of the Emperor Xiaowen was outcome of struggles and culture accommodation of the various ethnics from the north and the west of China. It consolidated the fruits of acculturation in a legal form which on one hand enhanced the feudalization of Xianbei and other minorities in the north and encouraged the melting of various nationalities with Han as the mainframe on the other hand.

北魏的改革實際上是西、北各族陸續進入中原後，民族鬥爭、融合的一次總結, 它以法律的形式肯定了各族融合的成果，反過來又促進了以鮮卑族爲中心的北方各族的封建化和以漢族爲主體的民族大融合的發展。

Adapting to the historical trend, gearing with determination of his political and social pratice to Han people, Emperor Xiaowen’s reformation was by no means negligible and he earned himself fame of brilliant statesman in Chinese history.

孝文帝順應歷史發展的趨勢，放棄自己民族的舊俗，毅然地進行改革，對中國歷史的發展作出了重要的貢獻，不愧是中國歷史上一位傑出的政治家。

The Downfall of the Northern Wei: After the death of Emperor Xiaowen’s, the rulers of the Northern Wei gradually abandoned the peaceful ethnic polices and restored the privileges of Xianbei nobles. Therefore the new contradictions were there and the administration of the Northern Wei was dwindled.

北魏的滅亡:孝文帝死後，由於部分守舊貴族和鮮卑武人的反對，北魏統治者 逐漸廢棄了以前的民族和解政策，又恢復了鮮卑族的特權，於是新的矛盾產生了， 北魏開始逐步走向衰落。

At the late of the Northern Wei, the Xianbei nobles were gone rotten in their extravagant life.

北魏後期，鮮卑門閥在優裕的生活中已經完全腐化。

For example, Yuanyong, King of Gaoyang, was served by 6 000 myrmidons and 500 housemaids and it was said that he spent ten thousands of silver on each meal. Yuan Chen was more wasteful ： his ten horses were fed with silver stables and his guests were treated with crystal pots and jade bowels which were all rarities exported from abroad.

如高陽王元雍有家僕六千，使女五百，吃一頓飯要花費數萬錢;河間王元琛更爲奢侈，他有十幾匹駿馬都用銀槽來餵養，請客用的器皿如水晶鉢、瑪瑙碗等，都是由外國買來的稀罕之物。

Meanwhile, corruptions were in such rampage in government that the positions in court could be sold and bought. Still the Buddhists temples were booming.

同時，政治日益腐敗，賣官鬻爵，賄賂盛行，佛教寺廟如雲。

The mother of the Emperor Hu, ordered to establish Yongning Temple in Luoyang, which cost numerous money with more than one thousands rooms, decorated with jades and splendid silks and a pagoda of nine layers.

胡太后在洛陽造永寧寺，內有僧房一千間，都用珠玉錦繡裝飾。寺內有九層浮圖（塔）。

In the 4th year of Zhengguang(523) during the Emperor Xiaoming’s reign, six towns rose to rebel. The Northern Wei was disunified and plunged into civil war.

孝明帝正光四年(523)，六鎮起兵,北魏陷人分裂和內戰。

In the final years of the Emperor Xiaowu’s reign, two powerful ministers，Gao Huan and Yuwen Tai, split the Northern Wei into the eastern and western parts.

北魏孝武帝末年，權臣高歡、宇文泰將北魏轄區切割成東、西兩塊。

The Eastern Wei(534 ?550) had one emperor ruling for 16 years, with Yecheng as its capital. The Western Wei(535 ?556) had a history of 22 years，ruled by three em-perors with Chang，an as its capital. These two states were later replaced by the Northern Qi( 550 ?577) and the Northern Zhou (557 ?581) respectively.

東魏（534 ~ 550)以鄴城爲都，歷主16年;西魏(535 ~556)都長安，經3帝，共享國22年。東、西魏先後被北齊(550 ~577)和北周（557 ~581)取代。

Estab-lished by the Gao family of the Xianbeised Han, the Northern Qi had a history of 28 years, with six emperors of three generations.

北齊是鮮卑化漢人高氏所建的政權，立國28年，有三代六帝。

In 577, the Northern Zhou ended the Northern Qi, then the north got reunified.

公元577年，周滅齊，北方重新統一。

The Northern Zhou was ruled by the Yuwen family of the Xianbei，with five emperors of three generations for 24 years.

北周是宇文氏鮮卑人統治的王朝，歷三代五帝，計24年。

In 581, Yang Jian, a family member of Northern Zhou’s empress usurped the throne and changed the name to the Sui.

公元581年，北周外戚楊堅廢靜帝自立，改國號爲隋，是爲文帝，北朝結束。最終由隋文帝楊堅滅南朝陳，重新統一了中國。

In history, the five dynasties in the north-the Northern Wei, the Eastern Wei, the Western Wei, the Northern Qi, and the Northern Zhou were called the Northern Dynasties. And historians referred to this period when the Southern Dynasties and the Northern Dynasties co-existed as the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

歷史上把北方的幾個朝代一一北魏、東魏、西魏、北齊、北周叫做北朝，與南方同時存在的幾個朝代一起稱南北朝。